Updated: December 10, 2014 08:20 IST
Quarrying destroys megalithic dolmens in Thrissur
Special arrangement
The only dolmen that stands intact at Muniyattukunnu. The rest have been destroyed by quarrying in the area.
Only one out of 11 dolmens in the area remains intact
Large scale-quarrying has destroyed megalithic dolmens situated in
forest area in Muniyattukunnu of Varantharappilly near Thrissur.
“Muniyattukunnu was famous for its dolmens, which were declared as
protected monument as per Government proceeding dated 13-10-1937 RDIS
1894-2-1112 development department and in accordance with Cochin
Government Ancient Monument Preservation Regulation Act XI of 110,” said
Muniyattukunnu Protection Forum, which tries for the protection of the
remaining dolmens.
These monuments are mostly in reserved forest of Vellikulanagara range under Chalakudy forest division.
Forest pattayam (title deed) has been used to encroach up on forest land by quarry mafia, alleged the protesters. The forest land assignment pattayam,
where only agrarian activities are permitted is widely used for
quarrying activities here, noted the forum led by the Kerala Shastra
Sahithya Parishath.
As per the document available with Archaeological department only one out of 11 dolmens in the area is remaining now.
A study by the Kerala Shastra Sahithya Parishath shows that Rs. 36 crore has been generated by quarrying from this area.
A team from the district administration led by sub collector carried out
a joint inspection on June 21. The team found widespread violations of
rules and issued instant stop memos to quarries functioning in
Muniyattukunnu, the forum noted. There was also an order for a joint
survey by the revenue and forest departments.
However, stop memos were vacated within two weeks by a court order. The
joint survey is still pending. Quarry and crusher owners are extending
their premises.
The Muniyattukunnu Protection Forum headed by the KSSP has once again
approached the district Collector seeking the protection of this
valuable historical site.
The forum urged the authorities to issue stop notice to all the quarries running in the area.
“The stone quarrying is now being carried out in the land where pattas
are issued as per the Kerala Land Assignment Special Rules 1993.
According to Rule 3 the land cannot be used for quarrying purpose. So
the authorities should take action to cancel the pattas for the land in
which quarries are operational,” it demanded.
Copyright© 2014, The Hindu
Tuesday, 10 February 2009
Remains of the Great Stone Age in Thrissur District
THOPPIKKALLU AT VELLARAKKADU
THOPPIKKALLU AT VELLARAKKAD
THOPPIKKALLU AT VELLARAKKAD
MUNIYARA AT PORKKULAM
MUNIYARA AT KATTUKAMPAL
MUNIYARA AT EYYAL
MUNIYARA AT CHOVVANNOOR
MUNIYARA AT ARIYANNOOR
MUNIYARA AT ARIYANNOOR
MUNIYARA AR ARIYANNOOR
MUNIYARA AT ARIYANNOOR
.KUDAKKALLU AT ARIYANNOOR
OTHER DETAILS
Historic Monuments in Thrissur
Megalimic /Big Stone age Culture
Megalimic are the stone memorials erected over burial sites .It is considered as the one Iron Age Culture of South India.The remains found in the Megatime sites include human bones various types of pottery ,weapons,ornaments ,Iron objects like knives ,arrowheads , swords ,sphers ,daggers, sickles, and Iron ploughshare .Goods were burried in the groves with the dead on the belief that the dead wood need all these in the next world.
Megalithic age belonged to the period between 5 th Cnetury B.C and second Centuary A.D.
Megalithic monuments have been clssified in to various types on the basis of their outstanding features.
They are menhirs, dolmens ,kudakkallus,Thoppikkallus , Rock-cut caves , hero stones , urns .They are discovered from places like pokkalam Thrissur ,Eyyal , Cheramanangad , Kaattakampal ,Chowannur , kakkad , kandanassery .
kudakkallu / Umbrella Stone
Three or four large laterite slabs are errected as a support from another horizondal top slab.
1.Cheramanangad , Ariyannur,
Capstone / Thoppikkallu
Capstone are hemispherical stones used as the lids put on burials urns .
Generally a flat slab is found used as the lid of the urn burials.
DOLMENS
Identified as Muniyara the dolmen is a table shaped Structure built with large ormostatic slabs and a capstone forming a rectangular chamber in between the slabs.
PORKULAM
ROCK CUT CHAMBER/ ROCK CUT CAVES
There are two types - single chambered and Multichambered
They have an opening either on one side or on the top surface .They are both pillared and non pillered chambers .Certain types of rockcut caves are rectangular chambers with horizondal entrances and steps leading to them .
Single chamber- Chowannur thirissur
Multi chamber - Kattukampal thrissur
Rectangular chamber - Ariyannur ( thrissur)
( Mean time remains are found om Thrissur archeological Museum)
CHERAMAN PARAMBU
Situated near one ancient temple of Thiruvanchikkulam in Cranganore
It is supposed to have been the place where one Chera Emperors ruled over Kerala.
The First Mosque in India
The Cheraman Mosque
VISITOR`S
History of Thrissur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Timeline of Thrissur | |
 |
|
| Year | Event |
| 1200 BCE - 200 CE | Iron Age Megalithic Culture |
| 2nd-1st century BCE | Rise of Pattanam as a port |
| 1st-3rd centuries CE | Roman coins of the period found |
| 800 - 1124 | Rule of Perumals of Mahodayapuram |
| 855 | Sthanu Ravi inscription at Koodalmanikyam Temple at Irinjalakuda |
| 930 | Kota Ravi inscriptions at Avittathur |
| 1000 | Jewish Copper plate issued at Mahodayapuram |
| 1024 | Rajasimha inscription at Thazhekad |
| 1036 | Rajasimha inscription at Thiruvanchikulam Temple |
| 11th century | Inscription at Vadakkumnathan Temple, Thrissur |
| 1225 | Syrian Christian copper plate issued by Vira Raghava of Perumpadapu Swaroopam |
| 1523 | Portuguese Fort at Cranganore |
| 1599 | Syrian Christian priests from Palayoor and Mattom take part in the Synod of Diamper |
| 1606, 1677, 1681 | Inscriptions at Palayoor |
| 1710 | Dutch control over Chettuva |
| 1750-1762 | Zamorin’s occupation of Thrissur |
| 1789 | Tipu Sultan’s occupation of Thrissur |
| 1790-1805 | Rule of Rama Varma, Sakthan Thampuran |
| 1791 | Treaty between Cochin and the East India Company by which Kingdom of Cochin became a vassal of the company |
| 1794 | Fortifications around the Thrissur town by Sakthan Thampuran |
| 1800 | Cochin State placed under the Madras Government |
| 1814 | Construction of the Mart Mariam Big Church at Thrissur |
| 1816 | The first known map of Thrissur prepared by John Gould |
| 1889 | St. Thomas College, Thrissur founded |
| 1921 | Thrissur made a municipality |
| 1925 | Cochin Legislative Council with elected members from Thrissur |
| 1925, 1927 | Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi visits Thrissur |
| 1932 | E.M.S. Namboodiripad left St. Thomas College, Thrissur to enlist himself a volunteer of the Indian National Congress at Kozhikode |
| 1935 | Labour Brotherhood in Thrissur |
| 1936 | Cochin State Congress founded |
| 1936 | Electricity agitation |
| 1940 | Cochin Karshakasabha founded |
| 1941 | Cochin State Prajamandal |
| 1947 | Temple entry allowed in Cochin |
| 1949 | Travancore-Cochin State comes into existence |
| 1 July 1949 | Thrissur district was formed |
| 1956 | Formation of Kerala State |
Etymology
The name Thrissur is derived from 'Thiru-Shiva-Perur', which literally translates to "The City with the name of the Lord Siva". Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and "Thenkailasam" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days. Another interpretation is 'Tri-shiva-peroor' or the big land with 3 Shiva temples, which refers to the three places where Lord Shiva resides - namely Vadakkumnathan Temple, Poonkunnam Shiva Temple and Peruvanam Siva temple.Pre-history
Megalithic Menhir at Ramavarmapuram Kerala
Another monolithic monuments like Dolmens and rock-cut caves are at Porkulam, Chiramanengad, Eyyal, Kattakambal and Kakkad. According to historians, the Dolmens are burial sites. Though most of the monuments were well protected, the dolmen at Porkulam was in a neglected condition. The monument excavated under eminent Archaeologist BK Thapar, between 1949–50, was under the Department of Archaeology.[2] Another megalithic monument is situated at Ariyannur in Thrissur. This place has unravelled monuments such as the 'Kudakkallu' or 'Thoppikkallu' (Mushroom stones or Umbrella stones) and 'Munimada' (Saint's abode).[5] The laterite hillocks of Ariyannur rise to about 50 metres. Another reference in Ariyannur dates back to early 15th century in the poem 'Chandrotsavam'.[5]
Chera Dynasty
The early political history of the Thrissur and Thrissur district is interlinked with that of the Chera Dynasty of the Sangam age, who ruled over vast portions of Kerala with their capital at Vanchi. Kodungallur was also the capital of Cheraman Perumal, the last Chera ruler in the 7th century. The legend is that he abdicated his throne and divided his kingdom among the local chieftains and left for Mecca to embrace Islam. This place was later ruled by the Kingdom of Cochin (Perumpadapu Swaroopam). During the time of the Chera ruler, Kodungallur was an important trade link in Indian Ancient Maritime History.The whole of the present Thrissur district was included in the early Chera empire. The district can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period. It can also claim to have played an important part in fostering cultural relations and in laying the foundation of a cosmopolitan and composite culture in this part of the country. Muziris (Muchiri) was an important port city in the pre-historic era, was a part of it.
Muziris
Muziris, as shown in the Tabula Peutingeriana.
There has always been a lot of confusion about the exact location of the port, as also about other aspects of it. For long it was considered to be Kodungalloor. However, in 1983, a large hoard of Roman coins was found at a site around six miles from a place called Pattanam, some distance away from Kodungalloor. Excavations carried out from 2004 to 2009 at Pattanam has revealed evidence that may point out the exact position of Muziris.[6][9][10][11]
The recent archaeological work done in the area has revealed fragments of imported Roman amphora, mainly used for transporting wine and olive oil, Yemeni and West Asian pottery, besides Indian roulette ware (which is also common on the East Coast of India, and also found in Berenice in Egypt).[6][9][10][11] This suggests that Muziris was a port of great international fame and that South India was involved in active trade with several civilizations of West Asia, the Near East and Europe with the port as a means to do so.
While there is a consensus on that both the port and the city ceased to exist around the middle of the 13th century, possibly following an earthquake (or the great flood of 1341 recorded in history, which caused the change of course of Periyar river), there does not seem to be clear evidence as to when the port might have first come into being. Presently, researchers seem to be agreed on that the port was already a bustling center of trade by 500 BCE, and there is some evidence that suggests that Muziris was a city, even if not certainly a port as well, from before 1500 BCE.[12][13][14][15]
It is called as 'Murachipatanam' in Sanskrit and Muchiri in Tamil. Later it was also called as Makothai, Mahodayapuram, Mahodayapattanam. The port was familiar to the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea who described it as being situated on Pseudostomos river (Ψευδόστομος: Greek for "false mouth" - a precise translation of the Malayalam description of the mouth of the Periyar, Alimukam) two miles from its mouth. According to the Periplus, numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris:[16]
| “ | "Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica (Limyrike), and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance. Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia" - The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53-54 | ” |
Roman gold and silver coins bearing impressions of Roman Emperors Tiberius and Nero were discovered in the village Kochal in Valluvally-Koonammavu near Paravur near the town in 1983. A 2nd-century papyrus from Egypt concerning the transshipment of goods originating in Muziris from the Red Sea to Alexandria attests to the continued importance of the port in the Indian Ocean commerce trade a century after Pliny and the Periplus.[17]
Thomas the Apostle ( 51-52)
Statue of St. Thomas at Palayoor in Thrissur district. In 52 St Thomas landed at Palayoor by boat from Muziris. He came to visit the Jewish merchants at Palayur Judankunnu and to preach the good news in course of time.
"It was to a land of dark people he was sent, to clothe them by Baptism in white robes. His grateful dawn dispelled India's painful darkness. It was his mission to espouse India to the One-Begotten. The merchant is blessed for having so great a treasure. Edessa thus became the blessed city by possessing the greatest pearl India could yield. Thomas works miracles in India, and at Edessa Thomas is destined to baptize peoples perverse and steeped in darkness, and that in the land of India." - Hymns of St. Ephraem, edited by Lamy (Ephr. Hymni et Sermones, IV).
Cheraman Juma Masjid (629)
File photograph of the Cheraman Juma Masjid showing influences of traditional Hindu architecture on the mosque.
The legend has it that a group of Muhammad's Sahaba (companions) visited Kodungallur. Cheraman Perumal (Rama Varma Kulashekhara), then the Chera ruler, had witnessed a miraculous happening — the sudden splitting of the moon, the celebrated miracle of Muhammad — and learned on inquiry that this was a symbol of the coming of a Messenger of God from Arabia. Soon after, Perumal travelled to Makkah, where he embraced Islam, and accepted the name Thajudeen. On his way back to India he died at Salalah in the Sultanate of Oman. On his deathbed he is said to have authorised some of his Arab companions to go back to his kingdom to spread Islam. Accordingly, a group of Arabs led by Malik Bin Deenar and Malik bin Habib arrived in north Kerala, and constructed the Cheraman Juma Masjid at Kodungalloor.[20][23][24]
Cochin Royal Family
Statue of Rama Varma Thampuran in Thrissur
There is an oft-recited legend that the last Perumal who ruled Kerala divided his kingdom between his nephews and his sons, converting to Islam and traveling to Mecca on a hajj. The Keralolpathi recounts the above narrative in the following fashion:
The last and the famous Perumal king Cheraman Perumal ruled Kerala for 36 years. He left for Mecca by ship with some Muslims who arrived at Kodungallur (Cranganore) port and converted to Islam. Before leaving for Mecca, he divided his kingdom between his nephews and sons.The Perumpadapu Grandavari contains an additional account of the dynastic origins:
The last Thavazhi of Perumpadapu Swaroopam came into existence on the Kaliyuga day shodashangamsurajyam. Cheraman Perumal divided the land in half, 17 amsha north of Neelaeswaram and 17 amsha south, totaling 34 amsha, and gave his powers to nephews and sons. Thirty-four rajyas between Kanyakumari and Gokarna, now in Karnataka were given to the Thampuran who was the daughter of the last niece of Cheraman Perumal.Keralolpathi recorded the division of his kingdom in 345, Perumpadapu Grandavari in 385, Loghan (a historian) in 825. There are no written records on these earlier divisions of Kerala, but according to writer Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, a division might have occurred during the Second Chera Kingdom, at the beginning of 12th century.[26]
The history of Thrissur from the 9th to the 12th centuries is the history of Kulasekharas of Mahodayapuram and the history since 12th century is the history of the rise and growth of Perumpadapu Swaroopam. In the course of its long and chequered history, the Perumpadappu Swarupam had its capital at different places. According to the literary works of the period, the Perumpadapu Swaroopam had its headquarters at Mahodayapuyram and had a number of Naduvazhies in southern Kerala. Central Kerala recognised the supremacy of the Perumpadappu Moopil and he is even referred to as the 'Kerala Chakravarthi' in the 'Sivavilasam' and some other works.[27]
One of the landmarks in the history of the Perumpadapu Swaroopam is the foundation of a new era called Pudu Vaipu era. The Pudu Vaipu era is traditionally believed to have commenced from the date on which the island of Vypeen was thrown from the sea. The 14th and 15th centuries constituted a period of aggressive wars in the course of which the Zamorins of Calicut acquired a large part of the present Thrissur district. In the subsequent centuries the Portuguese dominated the scene. By the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese power in Kerala was on the verge of collapse. About this time other European powers like the Dutch and the English appeared on the scene and challenged the Portuguese. Internal dissension in the Perumpadappu Swarupam helped the Dutch in getting a footing on the Kerala coast. As the Kerala chiefs were conscious of the impending doom of the Portuguese, they looked upon the Dutch as the rising power and extended a hearty welcome to them.[27]
Flood of 1341
The flood of the river Periyar in 1341 resulted in the splitting of the left branch of the river into two just before Aluva. The flood silted the right branch (known as River Changala) and the natural harbour at the mouth of the river, and resulted in the creation of a new harbour at Kochi. An island was formed with the name Vypinkara between Vypin to Munambam during the flood. During this time there was the rise of the Samoothiri Rajas of Kozhikode. The town was nearly completely destroyed by the Portuguese (Suarez de Menezes) on 1 September 1504 in retaliation for the Samoothiri Raja's actions against them.Portuguese
Raid on Cranganore
India Malabar Coast c. 1500
Converging on Cranganore, the Portuguese-Cochinese fleet quickly disperses the Zamorin's forces on the beach with cannon fire, and then lands an amphibian assault force - some 1,000 Portuguese and 1,000 Cochinese Nairs, who take on the rest of the Zamorin's forces in close combat. The Zamorin's forces are defeated and driven away from the city.[28] The assault troops capture Cranganore, and subject the ancient city, the once-great Chera capital of Kerala, to a thorough and violent sacking and razing. Deliberate fires were already started by squads led by Duarte Pacheco Pereira and factor Diogo Fernandes Correa, while the main fighting was still going on. They quickly consume most of the city, save for the Syrian Christian quarters, which are carefully spared (Jewish and Muslim homes are not given the same consideration).
In the meantime, the Calicut fleet of some five ships and 80 paraus that had been dispatched to save the city are intercepted by the idling Portuguese ships near Palliport and defeated in a naval encounter.[29] Two days later, the Portuguese receive an urgent message from the ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur (also known as Tanore or Vettattnad), whose kingdom lay to the north, on the road between Calicut and Cranganore. The raja of Tanur had come to loggerheads with his overlord, the Zamorin, and offered to place himself under Portuguese suzerainty instead, in return for military assistance. He reports that a Calicut column, led by the Zamorin himself, had been assembled in a hurry to try to save Cranganore, but that he managed to block its passage at Tanur. Lopo Soares immediately dispatches Pêro Rafael with a caravel and a sizeable Portuguese armed force to assist the Tanurese. The Zamorin's column is defeated and dispersed soon after its arrival.
Relics of the Cranganore Fort built by the Portuguese on the shores of the Kottapuram River
Cranganore Fort (1523)
Cranganore Fort was built by Portuguese in 1523 and later it in 1565 it was enlarged. It is also known as Kottappuram Fort. The Dutch took possession of the fort in 1661. In 1776, Tipu Sultan seized the control of fort. The Dutch wrested it back from Tipu Sultan, but the fort eventually came under the control of Tipu, who destroyed it in the following year. The remains of the fort show that the original fort wall was 18 feet in thickness. The ruin is also known as Tipu's fort.Mysorean invasion (1773-1776)
The 1773 conquest of the Mysore King Hyder Ali in the Malabar region descended to Kochi. The Kochi Raja had to pay a subsidy of one lakh of Ikkeri Pagodas (equalling 400,000 modern rupees). Later on, in 1776, Hyder Ali capture Thrissur, which was under the Kingdom of Kochi. Thus, the Raja was forced to become a tributary of Mysore and to pay a nuzzar of 100,000 of Pagodas and 4 elephants and annual tribute of 30,000 Pagodas. The hereditary Prime Ministership of Cochin came to an end during this period.His son Tipu Sultan's invasion had an adverse impact on the Syrian Malabar Nasrani community of the Malabar coast. Many churches in Malabar and Cochin were damaged. Tipu's army set fire to the church at Palayoor and attacked the Ollur Church in 1790. Furthernmore, the Arthat church and the Ambazhakkad seminary was also destroyed. Over the course of this invasion, many Syrian Malabar Nasrani were killed or forcibly converted to Islam. Most of the coconut, arecanut, pepper and cashew plantations held by the Syrian Malabar farmers were also indiscriminately destroyed by the invading army. As a result, when Tipu's army invaded Guruvayur and adjacent areas, the Syrian Christian community fled Calicut and small towns like Arthat to new centres like Kunnamkulam, Chalakudi, Ennakadu, Cheppadu, Kannankode, Mavelikkara, etc. where there were already Christians. They were given refuge by Sakthan Tamburan, the ruler of Cochin and Karthika Thirunal, the ruler of Travancore, who gave them lands, plantations and encouraged their businesses. Colonel Macqulay, the British resident of Travancore also helped them.[30]
Sakthan Thampuran (1790-1805)
In 1790, Raja Rama Varma popularly known as Sakthan Thampuran ascended the throne of Kingdom of Cochin. With the accession of this ruler, the modern period in the history of Kochi and the Thrissur District and the city begin. Sakthan Thampuran was the most powerful maharaja as the very name indicated. His punishment of criminals and wrongdoers was considered harsh but helped restore peace to the country. Sakthan Thampuran had been at the helm of affairs since 1769 when all administrative authority in the Cochin State was delegated to him by the then reigning sovereign on the initiative of the Travancore Raja and the Dutch Governor. As his very name suggests, this Raja was a strong ruler and his reign was characterised by firm and vigorous administration. By the end of the 18th century, the power of the feudal chieftains had been crushed and royal authority had become supreme. Sakthan Thampuran was mainly responsible for the destruction of the power of the feudal chieftains and increase of royal power.Another potent force in the public life of Thrissur and its suburbs was the Namboothiri community. A large part of the Thrissur taluk was for long under the domination of the Yogiatiripppads, the ecclesiastical heads of the Vadakkunnathan and Perumanam Devaswoms. The Yogiatirippads were elected and consecrated by the Namboothiri Yogams of the respective places. Under their leadership the Namboothiri families of Thrissur and Perumanam were playing in active part against the ruler of Cochin in his wars against the Zamorin of Calicut. Hence after the expulsion of the Zamorin from Thrissur in 1761, drastic action was taken against these families by the Raja of Cochin. The institution of Yogiatirippads was discontinued and the management of Thrissur and Perumanam Devaswoms were taken over by the Government. The Namboothiri Yogams were reduced to impotence. Thus the anti-feudal measures of Sakthan Thampuran coupled with the several administrative reforms introduced by him marked the end of the medieval period in the history of Cochin and ushered in the modern epoch of progress.
It may be interesting in this connection to know something about the institution of the Yogatirippad. The Yogatirippad of the Vadakkunnathan Devaswom was elected by the Namboothiri illams of Thrissur and its suburbs. The Yogatirippad was elected for life in the presence of the ruler of Cochin, local chieftains and prominent Namboothiri from places outside Thrissur. The Yogatirippad was a very powerful and influential dignitary. The last Yogatirippad was banished from Thrissur in 1763 for having joined the side of the Zamorin against Cochin. Sakthan Thampuran put an end to the institution of the Yogatirippad. Since then the numerous Namboothiri illams situated in Thrissur gradually became extinct. But even today there are a few Namboothiri illams in Thrissur and its suburbs reminding one of those old days when the Namboothiri Yogam of Thrissur along with the Perumanam Yogam exercised jurisdiction over a large portion of the present Thrissur taluk.
Sakthan Thampuran enjoyed good relations with the British authorities and was also a personal friend of Dharma Raja of Travancore. Sakthan Thampuran married twice. His first wife was a Nair lady from the reputed Vadakke Kuruppath family of Thrissur (several members of the Cochin Royal Family later took spouses from this family) whom he married when he was 30 years old. He is said to have had a daughter from this first wife. However, this Nethyar Amma (title of the consort of the Cochin Rajah) died soon after an unhappy marriage. Thereafter the Sakthan Thampuran remained single for a few decades, marrying again at the age of 52. The second wife of the Sakthan Thampuran was Chummukutty Nethyar Amma of the Karimpatta family and was a talented musician and dancer of Kaikottikalli. She was 17 at the time of her marriage with the Sakthan Thampuran. The marriage was without issue and within four years, Sakthan Thampuran passed away. In those days the widowed Nethyar Ammas did not have any special provisions from the state and hence Chummukutty, at the age of 21, returned to her ancestral home. His palace, Shakthan Thampuran Palace, in Thrissur is preserved as a monument and he was responsible for developing the Thrissur city and also making it the Cultural Capital of Kerala.
English Period (1814 — 1947)
Image of main entrance of Vadakkunnathan Temple seen from Swaraj Round from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway, printed by Hoe and Coat the 'Premier Press'
In the elections to the reformed legislature two political parties, viz, the Cochin State Congress and the Cochin Congress won 12 and 13 seats respectively. With the help of a few independents Ambat Sivarama Menon who was the leader of the Cochin Congress Party took up office as Minister under the scheme in June 1938. On his death in August 1938, Dr A.R. Menon was appointed as Minister. When the State Legislature passed a vote of non-confidence against him, Dr Menon resigned office on 25 February 1942 and was succeeded by T.K. Nair, Nair was in office until 11 July 1945. The introduction of diarchy did not satisfy the political aspirations of the people of Cochin. The idea of full responsible Government on the basis of adult franchise had caught their imagination. On 26 January 1941 a new political organization called the Cochin State Praja Mandal took shape on the initiative of a few young politicians under the leadership of V.R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan.[27]
The Quit India movement of 1942 has its echoes in the District. After the release of the leaders from jail in 1943, the Cochin State Praja Mandal pursued its organizational activities more vigorously. In the elections to the State Legislature in 1945 it won 12, of the 19 seats contested by its candidates. At the annual conference of the Praja Mandal held at Ernakulam in 1946 it was decided to start a state wide movement for the achievement of a responsible Government. The State Legislature was scheduled to meet on 29 July, and it was decided that the day should be observed all over the State as responsible Government day. In pursuance of this decision, meetings and demonstrations were held all over the State demanding the end of Dewan's rule and the transfer of full political power to the elected representatives of the people. The Maharaja of Cochin announced in August 1946 decision to transfer all departments of the State Government except Law and Order and Finance to the control of Ministers responsible to the State Legislature. In co-operation with other parties in the State Legislature, the Cochin State Praja Mandal decided to accept the offer. Consequently the first popular Cabinet of Cochin consisting of Panampilly Govinda Menon, C.R. Iyyunni, K.Ayyappan and T.K. Nair assumed office. The first step towards the achievement of the goal of Aikyakerala was taken with the integration of Travancore Cochin States in July 1949. With the linguistic reorganization of States in India, in November 1956 the Kerala State came into existence.[27]
Post Independence era
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2 comments:
the information about tge remains of the great stone age in thrissur district and the photos too helped me a lot to create a slide presentation about Thrissur distirct in the class.
Thanking you once more,
yours lovingly,
AKASH KADAVIL.
It's a great asset for the posterity
by
Jani Chungath
Research Scholar in History
Kunnamkulam