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“Bless/Forgive me, Father, for I have sinned. It has been 3__seconds/since my last Confession.”
My first sin is also the first of seven deadly sins, namely, Pride

My second sin is................................................................., Avarice/Greed
............................................................................................, Envy
............................................................................................, Wrath/Anger
..........................................................................................., Lust
..........................................................................................., Gluttony
............................................................................................, Sloth
"I am sorry for these and for all the sins of my past life.”
"Oops, plum forgot the permutations and combinations of these seven deadly sins. Forty-nine in total"
The confessor broke in laughter. It was not my most favorite priest. He could hardly show his high holy Catholic emotions in such a crass fashion. Moreover it came from up above. Like a thunder before, Oops, after lightening rod strikes one down.
It was Saint Michael, the chief opponent of Satan to saving souls at the hour of death.
Finally, the roaring and rumbling diminished, slowly and gradually and a voice was heard. " Siddy-boy, not even my chief adversary, Satan, himself would commit so many sins in three seconds flat. Nice try though. Keep your body and soul together. I ain't got time to fool around with you. You are not ready to be admitted to heaven. Do me a favor. Go and pray... to Satan. He has no sense of humor. I do. keep on trucking. Over and out."

About Us

Seven Deadly Sins

The Seven Deadly Sins

"Sin creates [an inclination] to sin; it engenders vice by repetition of the same acts. This results in perverse inclinations which cloud conscience and corrupt the concrete judgment of good and evil. Thus sin tends to reproduce itself and reinforce itself, but it cannot destroy the moral sense at its root."
Para. 1865, Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1994
New: the Consequences of the Seven Deadly Sins
Overview
The Seven Deadly Sins are really attitudes that underlie sins, whether mortal or venial, first identified by St. John Cassian (360 - 435) in his Conferences and refined by Pope St. Gregory the Great (540 - 604). They provide keys to understanding our faults and the actions that result, and a framework for self knowledge. If we understood how they factor into who we have become, we would understand much more about ourselves and our effect on others. The Seven Deadly Sins never occur as a list in the Bible, but occur many times individually.

Why bother?

Before even beginning a discussion of the Seven Deadly Sins, also known as "capital sins," it may be useful to discuss a few differences among Christians on this subject. Some people feel it is better to take a more positive approach to faith and not dwell on sin. Others believe all sin is equally repugnant to God, and so any classification of sins is wrong. Still others just want to forget the whole thing since they are saved and God loves them and really doesn't care about all this "stuff."
Inscribed in ancient times at the Oracle at Delphi: "Know thyself." Self-knowledge follows closely behind the knowledge of God, and self-knowledge for anyone means knowledge of sin. "My own heart shows me the way of the ungodly." Scripture says we are all sinners, and we don't mind as long as the sins are nameless and faceless. When we name a sin found in ourselves (by Grace) it is as though we are confronted in the back alleys of our souls with furtive saboteurs and muggers who seek to prevent our union with God. The sudden self-revelation of a serious fault is one thing: the discovery of a deadly sin which we hate very much in others is worse. It is like finding out a spouse is unfaithful, or worse, that we have been blindly unfaithful to the Spouse of our soul.
The following pages on the deadly sins may lead to horrible discoveries. Bear in mind:

Friends will almost never volunteer this information.
If they do, we will not accept it.
God forgives anything, even repeatedly, so do not be afraid.

A combination of good spiritual reading (nothing too recent), nearly constant prayer, and reflection on the repetitive patterns of life works well for naming our sins. Remarks made in job performance reviews and conversations with people who dislike us are especially revealing (Aristophanes). Our enemies usually lack the false charity to deny our sins. No wonder we are called to love them.
The human capacity for self-delusion is nearly limitless. We have all seen people claim great spirituality but do evil things and then ignore or rationalize them. Somehow we think we are immune to this phenomenon.

The Seven Deadly Sins - A List of Capital Sins

The table below lists The Seven Deadly Sins (vices) in the traditional order with the virtues against which they are sins. The history of this list goes back at least to Pope St. Gregory the Great and St. John Cassian, but while the list itself is not strictly biblical, the Bible proscribes all seven. If one or more of these doesn't seem like a big sin to you, it almost certainly means you have already rationalized it. Work on that one first. By the way, there is no set list of virtues corresponding to these, what follows below reflect our choices.
If you need additional information on Dante's views of these, it is after the table.

Deadly Sin * **	Opposing Virtue	Brief description
Pride (1) (18%)	Humility	Seeing ourselves as we are and not comparing ourselves to others is humility. Pride and vanity are competitive. If someone else's pride really bothers you, you have a lot of pride.
Avarice/Greed (5) (5%)	Generosity	This is about more than money. Generosity means letting others get the credit or praise. It is giving without having expectations of the other person. Greed wants to get its "fair share" or a bit more.
Envy (2) (5%)	Love	"Love is patient, love is kind…" Love actively seeks the good of others for their sake. Envy resents the good others receive or even might receive. Envy is almost indistinguishable from pride at times.
Wrath/Anger (3) (20%)	Kindness	Kindness means taking the tender approach, with patience and compassion. Anger is often our first reaction to the problems of others. Impatience with the faults of others is related to this.
Lust (7) (31%)	Self control	Self control and self mastery prevent pleasure from killing the soul by suffocation. Legitimate pleasures are controlled in the same way an athlete's muscles are: for maximum efficiency without damage. Lust is the self-destructive drive for pleasure out of proportion to its worth. Sex, power, or image can be used well, but they tend to go out of control.
Gluttony (6) (8%)	Faith and Temperance	Temperance accepts the natural limits of pleasures and preserves this natural balance. This does not pertain only to food, but to entertainment and other legitimate goods, and even the company of others.
Sloth (4) (13%)	Zeal	Zeal is the energetic response of the heart to God's commands. The other sins work together to deaden the spiritual senses so we first become slow to respond to God and then drift completely into the sleep of complacency.

* Numbers in parenthesis indicate position in Dante. ** Percentages indicate results of our poll as of October 25, 2009.

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MTV did a special in August 1993 on the Seven Deadly Sins which involved interviewing various well-known entertainers from the music and television industry. They pretty much all agreed these were not vices and the list was "dumb." (Sigh) Oh well.
(Details: The MTV title was "Seven Deadly Sins: An MTV News Special Report"; PBS showed it as "Alive TV." First aired on MTV on August 11, 1993. PBS first aired it on August 20, 1993. If you have a copy, please
Additional information (based on requests from readers):
Poll
Which one of the Seven Deadly Sins is most popular?

Of the seven deadly sins, this ONE is my biggest failing:
Lust	35%
Anger	18%
Pride	12%
Sloth	10%
Envy	10%
Gluttony	9%
Greed	6%

Origins
The Seven Deadly Sins never occur as a formal list in the Bible. Some people say they can all be found in Matthew's Gospel (chapters 5 through 7), but they are not in a simple list there. Others submit Proverbs 6:16-19, but this is a different list, covering pride, lies, murder, evil plans, swiftness in sin, lies again, causing conflict. Clearly not the same.
These sins were identified as a group around the same time as the Bible was being translated into a single language. Rather than these sins being identified in a single place in the Bible, they are found all through it, from Genesis to Revelation. The letters of the New Testament mention all of these, and many others as well. The Catechism has many Scriptural references in the section that lists the "Seven Deadly Sins." It is well to remember that the Scriptures come from the Jewish and Christian Churches, not the other way around. In both cases, faith preceded the writing.
Lent
Lent is a special time of self-examination and thought about how we live. More on Lent.
Dante
Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321) was a Catholic layman who wrote "The Divine Comedy," which is really three epic poems in Italian: "Inferno," "Purgatorio," and "Paradiso," which are about Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven/Paradise, respectively. In "Purgatorio," Dante places each of the seven sins on a level, with the higher levels closer to Paradise and the lower ones closer to Hell. The numbers in parentheses, in the above table, indicate the level where they are found in "Purgatorio." Dante considers these sins as offenses against love, and groups them accordingly:
Perverted Love: Pride, Envy, Wrath/Anger
Insufficient Love: Sloth
Excessive Love of Earthly Goods: Avarice/Greed, Gluttony, Lust
Dante seems to have had a well-formed conscience. His emphasis on love, in the sense of Christian charity, is impressive. That is not to claim some sort of sainthood, but his ideas were very much in keeping with the teaching of the Catholic Church at a time when the practice of the clergy often fell short of the doctrine.

The Dao
The Dao - A little article considering the The Seven Deadly Sins from a somewhat Daoist perspective.

St. Thomas Aquinas
The Reverend Barthlolomew de la Torre, O.P. wrote the following on August 22, 2003:
"Thank you for your excellent web page on the Seven Deadly Sins. A principal classical text not to be omitted is that of St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologiae.

http://www.newadvent.org/summa/208404.htm

Pax et fides.
Fr. Bartholomew de la Torre, O.P.

St. Dominic dedicated himself to promoting "pax et fides", "peace and faith", because without peace, the faith cannot flourish, and he described himself as pursuing this goal by "singing and gentleness, preaching, imploring and weeping" (cf. M.-H. Vicaire, O.P., St. Dominic and His Times, pp. 62 and nt. 7, 146, 147 and nt. 80)."
Thank you so much for providing the link! For those unacquainted with Catholic orders, O.P. indicates the "Ordo Praedicatorum" (Latin) or "Order of Preachers", otherwise known as the Dominicans, founded by St. Dominic. St. Thomas Aquinas joined the Dominicans in 1244. It is worth noting that St. Dominic's approach to heresy (false teaching), was to teach and debate, rather than take up arms. The text linked above shows how St. Thomas Aquinas argued various points about Pride and the other Seven Deadly Sins. It is worth reading it all, but is of a style rarely seen. It takes patience.
Fulton J. Sheen
Bishop Sheen spoke on a television show, Life is Worth Living, in the U.S. from 1951 to 1957, and the "Bishop Sheen Program" from 1961 to 1968. He wrote 96 books and a very large number of articles and columns, including entries in encyclopedias. In his book, The Seven Capital Sins (alba–house.com), he made a connection between the Seven Deadly Sins and the last words of Jesus on the Cross. These assignments are listed here in the order set by Bishop Sheen in addresses from February 26 to April 7, 1939. The connection is not always obvious, so the book is highly recommended for further reading.

Vice	Words from the Cross
Wrath/Anger	"Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do."
Envy	"This day you shall be with me in Paradise."
Lust	"Woman, behold your son... son, behold your mother."
Pride	"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
Gluttony	"I thirst."
Sloth	"It is finished."
Avarice/Greed	"Father, into Your hands I commend My spirit."

C.S. Lewis
C.S. Lewis might well be considered a modern-day Dante. Try reading "The Great Divorce," a short little book, and compare it to "The Divine Comedy." Lewis, as a professor of medieval literature, would have been familiar with Dante's work.
Narnia and the Seven Deadly Sins - Dr. Don W. King, Department of English, Montreat College
Christopher Marlowe
Donna Hatsuko Reedy wrote the following on May 18, 2000:
"I enjoyed your site; it's quite informative. Just wanted to add another text to your reading list: Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus. The entire play revolves around issues of salvation, and there's this great scene in which the seven deadly sins are paraded for Faustus. It'll make a great addition to your already well-supported site."
Thank you for the suggestion! I've put a link to the on-line text here for our readers.
The Tragical History of D. Faustus
Edmund Spenser
Alan Sickler wrote the following on April 26, 2000:
"I was reading your page on the "Seven Deadly" sins and thoroughly enjoyed your definitions of the sins; even better though was the literary occurrences of this that you outlined. However, I was perplexed as to why you failed to mention Spenser's "The Faerie Queene"; This work is one of the greatest Middle English / Renaissance pieces ever written, and it is maybe the greatest occurance of the seven deadly sins. I forget which book they are in, but Spenser characterizes each deadly sin as a person - using physiognomy tradition to visualize the vices, and he even models this parade of sins after the pilgrims in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales". Gluttony rides a fat pig which is symbolic of his nature and etc etc. I don't know if you've read the Faerie Queen or not, but its maybe the most vital occurance of the seven deadly sins - a must read for an enthusist like yourself. Thanks for your time - I enjoyed your site thoroughly."
I will read it soon, but for now I've posted your kind and helpful comments, as well as a link to a Spenser site and "The Faerie Queene."

From another kind visitor:
I read through some of your sources for articulations of the 7 deadly sins. One of which was Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene. The scenario where the 7 Deadly sins are shown is FQ I.IV.1-37 (that's FQ Book 1, Canto 4, stanzas 1-37). Thought you might appreciate this.
-Scott M. Williams>
Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales - http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/gchaucer/bl-gchau-can-genpro.htm
Thomas Merton
Thomas Merton wrote a prayer to ask for help against the Seven Deadly Sins. It is found on page 44 of "New Seeds of Contemplation." Much of his focus is on the illusions we have about ourselves, and how to let God clear these away.
Stephen Sondheim
In the play: Getting Away With Murder (or The Doctor is Out), Patrick Phenicie says the following characters appear to represent the seven deadly sins. Here are the characters and sins:

Lust	Pride	Greed	Envy (NV)	Anger	Sloth	Gluttony
Dossie Lustig	Pamela Prideaux	Gregory Reed	Nam-Young Voung	Dan Gerard	Chistholm	Vassili Laimorgos

As you may have noticed, the names seem to form anagrams of the sins (or contain the anagram; some are obvious, some are less so). Patrick and I were unable to figure out how the name "Laimorgos" fits into Sonheim's naming scheme, but Christopher Sabatowich has an idea: Vassili Laimorgos can be rearranged (with some letters omitted) to form the word "sm�rg�s," which is Norse/Swedish for "bread and butter," as in "smorgasbord." In English, "smorgasbord" can be applied as a "varied collection" of anything, and Gluttony does not apply (exclusively) to food.
T. Nickson writes: "Vassili Laimorgos is a Greek Name - Vassili links with the Greek word for King and Laimorgos translates literally as Glutton. Sondheim was being clever!"
John Gower
Confessio Amantis
Robert Mannyng
Handling Synne
Hieronymus Bosch
Table of the Seven Deadly Sins
George Balanchine (Dance)
CiCi Houston writes: I found this website very useful for a current project I am working on. Perhaps it would be of interest to your readers to hear how this list has crept into the arts. The New York City Ballet had a production entitled "Seven Deadly Sins." It was originally choreographed by George Balanchine in Europe around 1933 for Tilly Losch. He restaged it in the late 50's for Allegra Kent, and in both productions Lotte Lenya participated. The ballet focused on Anna 1 and Anna 2. Lotte (1) was the talking half, and would order around Allegra (2), the silent but dancing half. 1 would make 2 commit the sins, or set double standards. For instance, one famous picture of the ballet shows Lotte with an ice cream cone (a clever disguise for the microphone she sang into) pointing a finger at Allegra, who is on the floor pushing herself through a series of stretches and exercises under Lotte's rule. I'm sure there is much more information than what I have access to, but I'm sure that readers interested in this will enjoy gaining the extra knowledge on a rather hidden piece of work (it was never restaged since Allegra last performed it), whether they approve of the concept or not.
Thanks again for the useful website - CiCi Houston
Thank you, CiCi!
Other Art
http://www.kb.nl/kb/manuscripts/highlights/11M_uk.html
The Movies
There was a movie entitled "Se7en," starring Morgan Freeman and Brad Pitt. You can read about it at IMDB.
Other Helps Toward Virtue and Peace
Description of Thomas More by Erasmus - St. Thomas More was a man of great virtue and integrated faith
Faith and Reason (Fides et Ratio) - "Know thyself"
On Spiritual Direction - How can I get help?
Lectio Divina - A way to get closer to God
Other Information About The Seven Deadly Sins
In art, a different set of seven virtues is set in opposition to The Seven Deadly Sins. These virtues did not correspond on a one-to-one basis, though, and the focus was on good art rather than spiritual instruction for combating specific vices. See "The Cardinal Virtues" and "The Theological Virtues," below.
Pointless Controversy
Originally, the advice, "Know Thyself", was attributed to the Greeks in a general sense. A reader complained that it was Socrates, not Plato that originated it, and that the author "should get an education before creating web pages." I researched this and found that Socrates wrote nothing, and that Plato attributes this saying to Socrates. So it was changed to:
Plato quotes Socrates as saying: "Know thyself."
As viewers of the movie, "The Matrix," know, this was inscribed at the Oracle at Delphi, a sacred place dating from the 9th century B.C. to the late 4th century A.D. Another reader pointed out that it was not Plato or Socrates. I don't know, but as many people have seen the movie, the text has been altered to the current form. Please don't write to make corrections about who said (or carved) it first. One way to avoid personal growth is to get caught up in the medium and neglect the message. It is a good saying; think about it, and question why people are more interested in the origins of good advice than in following it.
Addendum, 27 June, 2004: Blaise Pascal said, "One must know oneself. Even if that does not help in finding truth, at least it helps in running one's life..." Pensees, 72
More Information from the Catholic Catechism
The Seven Deadly Sins FAQ #1 - What questions do we get?
Signs & Symbols in Christian Art, by George Ferguson, has a few notes on The Seven Deadly Sins. It sometimes omits details, but is otherwise a very useful book.
Other lists
There are also lists of virtues, not directly associated with particular vices: The Theological Virtues and The Cardinal (pivotal) Virtues. We don't have pages on them yet, but they are covered well in "Mere Christianity," by C.S. Lewis. These and other lists from the Church are described (briefly) below, or you can search.
The Theological Virtues: Faith, Hope and Charity
These are from 1 Corinthians 13:13
The Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Temperance and Fortitude
These are from Wisdom 8:7
The Ten Commandments: With Ten Calls to Freedom
Go here for a different take on the Ten Commandments. It uses the Catholic list, but it can be adapted for other traditions.
The Evangelical Counsels: Poverty, Chastity and Obedience
From the Beatitudes and Philippians 2:8. The name means they are suggested by the Gospel, both the words and the example of Jesus.
The Gifts of the Holy Spirit: Wisdom, Understanding, Counsel, Fortitude, Knowledge, Piety, and Fear of the Lord.
See also the Catechism, #1831. The term "Fear of the Lord" refers to an "awesome respect" not abject or servile fear.
The Fruits of the Holy Spirit: Love, Joy, Peace, Patience, Kindness, Goodness, and Faithfulness
These are from Galatians 5:22. The Church has a tradition of twelve also, which adds: Generosity, Gentleness, Modesty, Self-control, and Chastity (Catechism #1832)
The Spiritual Works of Mercy: Kindnesses to the spirits of others
http://www.ceeme.com/prayers/works.htm
The Corporal Works of Mercy: Kindnesses to the bodies of others
http://www.ceeme.com/prayers/crpwork.htm
The Precepts of the Church: Expectations of Catholics (it's another list, so I put it here)
http://www.cin.org/precept.html
Mohandas K. Gandhi - Seven Social Sins

Politics without principles
Wealth without work
Pleasure without conscience
Knowledge without character
Commerce without morality
Science without humanity
Worship without sacrifice

Young India (22 October 1925); Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi Vol. 33 (PDF) p. 135 (note: scroll down to page 135)

Temp link, please ignore: http://www.rushman.org/~john (school project for a friend)

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The Seven Deadly Sins

Those who are too smart to engage in politics are punished by being governed by those who are dumber.
-- Plato

New site on politics and economics: Senator Brown and other events IT Management Job Site

Seven deadly sins

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Seven Deadly Sins (disambiguation).

Hieronymus Bosch's The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things

The 7 Deadly Sins, also known as the Capital Vices or Cardinal Sins, is a classification of objectionable vices that have been used since early Christian times to educate and instruct followers concerning fallen humanity's tendency to sin. The currently recognized version of the sins are usually given as wrath, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy, and gluttony.
The Catholic Church divides sin into two categories: venial sins, in which guilt is relatively minor, and the more severe mortal sins. Theologically, a mortal sin is believed to destroy the life of grace within the person and thus creates the threat of eternal damnation. "Mortal sin, by attacking the vital principle within us - that is, charity - necessitates a new initiative of God's mercy and a conversion of heart which is normally accomplished [for Catholics] within the setting of the sacrament of reconciliation."^[1]
The Deadly Sins do not belong to an additional category of sin. Rather, they are the sins that are seen as the origin ("capital" comes from the Latin caput, head) of the other sins. A "deadly sin" can be either venial or mortal, depending on the situation; but "they are called 'capital' because they engender other sins, other vices."^[2]
Beginning in the early 14th century, the popularity of the seven deadly sins as a theme among European artists of the time eventually helped to ingrain them in many areas of Catholic culture and Catholic consciousness in general throughout the world. One means of such ingraining was the creation of the mnemonic "SALIGIA" based on the first letters in Latin of the seven deadly sins: superbia, avaritia, luxuria, invidia, gula, ira, acedia.^[3]

[edit] Biblical lists

In the Book of Proverbs (Mishlai), King Solomon stated that the Lord specifically regards "six things the Lord hateth, and the seventh His soul detesteth." namely:^[4]

A proud look.
A lying tongue.
Hands that shed innocent blood.
A heart that devises wicked plots.
Feet that are swift to run into mischief.
A deceitful witness that uttereth lies.
Him that soweth discord among brethren.

While there are seven of them, this list is considerably different from the traditional one, with only pride clearly being in both lists.
Another list, given this time by the Epistle to the Galatians (Galatians 5:19-21), includes more of the traditional seven sins, although the list is substantially longer: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, sorcery, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, "and such like".^[5] Since Saint Paul goes on to say that the persons who commit these sins "shall not inherit the Kingdom of God", they are usually listed as (possible) mortal sins rather than Capital Vices.

[edit] Development of the traditional Seven Sins

An allegorical image depicting the human heart subject to the seven deadly sins, each represented by an animal (clockwise: toad = avarice; snake = envy; lion = wrath; snail = sloth; pig = gluttony; goat = lust; peacock = pride).

The modern concept of the Seven Deadly Sins is linked to the works of the 4th century monk Evagrius Ponticus, who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows:^[6]

Γαστριμαργία (gastrimargia) gluttony.
Πορνεία (porneia) prostitution, fornication.
Φιλαργυρία (philargyria) avarice.
Ὑπερηφανία (hyperēphania) hubris - in the Philokalia, this term is rendered as self-esteem.
Λύπη (lypē) sadness - in the Philokalia, this term is rendered as envy, sadness at another's good fortune.
Ὀργή (orgē) wrath.
Κενοδοξία (kenodoxia) boasting.
Ἀκηδία (akēdia) acedia - in the Philokalia, this term is rendered as dejection.

They were translated into the Latin of Western Christianity (largely due to the writings of John Cassian^{[citation needed]}), thus becoming part of the Western tradition's spiritual pietas (or Catholic devotions), as follows:^[7]

Gula (gluttony)
Fornicatio (fornication, lust)
Avaritia (avarice/greed)
Superbia (hubris, pride)
Tristitia (sorrow/despair)
Ira (Wrath)
Vanagloria (vainglory)
Acedia (acedia)

These "evil thoughts" can be collected into three groups:^[7]

lustful appetite (Gluttony, Fornication, and Avarice)
irascibility (Wrath)
intellect (Vainglory, Sorrow, Pride, and Discouragement)

In AD 590, a little over two centuries after Evagrius wrote his list, Pope Gregory I revised this list to form the more common Seven Deadly Sins, by folding sorrow/despair into acedia, vainglory into pride, and adding envy.^[8] In the order used by both Pope Gregory and by Dante Alighieri in his epic poem The Divine Comedy, the seven deadly sins are as follows:

luxuria (lechery/lust)^[9]^[10]^[11]
gula (gluttony)
avaritia (avarice/greed)
acedia (acedia/discouragement/sloth)
ira (wrath)
invidia (envy)
superbia (pride)

The identification and definition of the seven deadly sins over their history has been a fluid process and the idea of what each of the seven actually encompasses has evolved over time. Additionally, as a result of semantic change:

Lust was substituted for luxuria in all but name^{[citation needed]}
socordia (sloth) was substituted for acedia

It is this revised list that Dante uses. The process of semantic change has been aided by the fact that the personality traits are not collectively referred to, in either a cohesive or codified manner, by the Bible itself; other literary and ecclesiastical works were instead consulted, as sources from which definitions might be drawn.^{[citation needed]} Part II of Dante's Divine Comedy, Purgatorio, has almost certainly been the best known source since the Renaissance.^{[citation needed]}
The modern Roman Catholic Catechism lists the sins in Latin as "superbia, avaritia, invidia, ira, luxuria, gula, pigritia seu acedia", with an English translation of "pride, avarice, envy, wrath, lust, gluttony, and sloth/acedia".^[12] Each of the seven deadly sins now also has an opposite among corresponding seven holy virtues (sometimes also referred to as the contrary virtues). In parallel order to the sins they oppose, the seven holy virtues are humility, charity, kindness, patience, chastity, temperance, and diligence.

[edit] Historical and modern definitions of the deadly sins

[edit] Lust

Main article: Lust

Lust or lechery (carnal "luxuria") is usually thought of as excessive thoughts or desires of a sexual nature. In Dante's Purgatorio, the penitent walks within flames to purge himself of lustful/sexual thoughts and feelings. In Dante's "Inferno", unforgiven souls of the sin of lust are blown about in restless hurricane-like winds symbolic of their own lack of self control to their lustful passions in earthly life.

[edit] Gluttony

Main article: Gluttony

"Excess"
(Albert Anker, 1896)

Derived from the Latin gluttire, meaning to gulp down or swallow, gluttony (Latin, gula) is the over-indulgence and over-consumption of anything to the point of waste. In the Christian religions, it is considered a sin because of the excessive desire for food or its withholding from the needy.^[13]
Depending on the culture, it can be seen as either a vice or a sign of status. Where food is relatively scarce, being able to eat well might be something to take pride in. But in an area where food is routinely plentiful, it may be considered a sign of self-control to resist the temptation to over-indulge.
Medieval church leaders (e.g., Thomas Aquinas) took a more expansive view of gluttony,^[13] arguing that it could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals, and the constant eating of delicacies and excessively costly foods.^[14] Aquinas went so far as to prepare a list of six ways to commit gluttony, including:

Praepropere - eating too soon.
Laute - eating too expensively.
Nimis - eating too much.
Ardenter - eating too eagerly (burningly).
Studiose - eating too daintily (keenly).
Forente - eating wildly (boringly).

[edit] Greed

Main article: Greed

1909 painting The Worship of Mammon by Evelyn De Morgan.

Greed (Latin, avaritia), also known as avarice or covetousness, is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of excess. However, greed (as seen by the church) is applied to a very excessive or rapacious desire and pursuit of wealth, status, and power. St. Thomas Aquinas wrote that greed was "a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things." In Dante's Purgatory, the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts. "Avarice" is more of a blanket term that can describe many other examples of greedy behavior. These include disloyalty, deliberate betrayal, or treason,^{[citation needed]} especially for personal gain, for example through bribery. Scavenging^{[citation needed]} and hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by greed. Such misdeeds can include simony, where one profits from soliciting goods within the actual confines of a church.
As defined outside of Christian writings, greed is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs, especially with respect to material wealth.^[15]

[edit] Sloth

Main article: Sloth (deadly sin)

Over time, the "acedia" in Pope Gregory's order has come to be closer in meaning to sloth (Latin, Socordia). The focus came to be on the consequences of acedia rather than the cause, and so, by the 17th century, the exact deadly sin referred to was believed to be the failure to utilize one's talents and gifts.^{[citation needed]} Even in Dante's time there were signs of this change; in his Purgatorio he had portrayed the penance for acedia as running continuously at top speed.
The modern view goes further, regarding laziness and indifference as the sin at the heart of the matter. Since this contrasts with a more willful failure to, for example, love God and his works, sloth is often seen as being considerably less serious than the other sins, more a sin of omission than of commission.

[edit] Acedia

Main article: Acedia

Acedia (Latin, acedia) (from Greek ακηδία) is the neglect to take care of something that one should do. It is translated to apathetic listlessness; depression without joy. It is similar to melancholy, although acedia describes the behaviour, while melancholy suggests the emotion producing it. In early Christian thought, the lack of joy was regarded as a willful refusal to enjoy the goodness of God and the world God created; by contrast, apathy was considered a refusal to help others in time of need.
When Thomas Aquinas described acedia in his interpretation of the list, he described it as an uneasiness of the mind, being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Dante refined this definition further, describing acedia as the failure to love God with all one's heart, all one's mind and all one's soul; to him it was the middle sin, the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. Some scholars^[who?] have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide.

[edit] Wrath

Main article: Wrath

Wrath (Latin, ira), also known as "rage", may be described as inordinate and uncontrolled feelings of hatred and anger. Wrath, in its purest form, presents with self-destructiveness, violence, and hate that may provoke feuds that can go on for centuries. Wrath may persist long after the person who did another a grievous wrong is dead. Feelings of anger can manifest in different ways, including impatience, revenge, and vigilantism.
Wrath is the only sin not necessarily associated with selfishness or self-interest (although one can of course be wrathful for selfish reasons, such as jealousy, closely related to the sin of envy). Dante described vengeance as "love of justice perverted to revenge and spite". In its original form, the sin of anger also encompassed anger pointed internally rather than externally. Thus suicide was deemed as the ultimate, albeit tragic, expression of hatred directed inwardly, a final rejection of God's gifts.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Envy

Main article: Envy

Like greed, Envy (Latin, invidia) may be characterized by an insatiable desire; they differ, however, for two main reasons:

First, greed is largely associated with material goods, whereas envy may apply more generally.
Second, those who commit the sin of envy not only resent that another person has something they perceive themselves as lacking, but also wish the other person to be deprived of it.

Dante defined this as "a desire to deprive other men of theirs." Envy can be directly related to the Ten Commandments, specifically "Neither shall you desire... anything that belongs to your neighbour". In Dante's Purgatory, the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire because they have gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought low. Aquinas described envy as "sorrow for another's good".^[16]

[edit] Pride

Main article: Pride

Building the Tower of Babel was, for Dante, an example of pride. Painting by Pieter Brueghel the Elder

In almost every list, pride (Latin, superbia), or hubris, is considered the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins, and the source of the others. It is identified as a desire to be more important or attractive than others, failing to acknowledge the good work of others, and excessive love of self (especially holding self out of proper position toward God). Dante's definition was "love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one's neighbour." In Jacob Bidermann's medieval miracle play, Cenodoxus, pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the titulary famed Parisian doctor. In perhaps the best-known example, the story of Lucifer, pride (his desire to compete with God) was what caused his fall from Heaven, and his resultant transformation into Satan. In Dante's Divine Comedy, the penitents were forced to walk with stone slabs bearing down on their backs to induce feelings of humility.

[edit] Vainglory

Main article: Vanity

Vainglory (Latin, vanagloria) is unjustified boasting. Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride, so he folded vainglory into pride for his listing of sins.^{[citation needed]}
The Latin term gloria roughly means boasting, although its English cognate - glory - has come to have an exclusively positive meaning; historically, vain roughly meant futile, but by the 14th century had come to have the strong narcissistic undertones, of irrelevant accuracy, that it retains today.^[17] As a result of these semantic changes, vainglory has become a rarely used word in itself, and is now commonly interpreted as referring to vanity (in its modern narcissistic sense).

[edit] Catholic Seven Virtues

The Roman Catholic Church also recognizes seven virtues, which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins.

Vice	Latin	Virtue	Latin
Lust	Luxuria	Chastity	Castitas
Gluttony	Gula	Temperance	Temperantia
Greed	Avaritia	Charity	Caritas
Sloth	Acedia	Diligence	Industria
Wrath	Ira	Patience	Patientia
Envy	Invidia	Kindness	Humanitas
Pride	Superbia	Humility	Humilitas

[edit] Associations with demons

In 1589, Peter Binsfeld paired each of the deadly sins with a demon, who tempted people by means of the associated sin. According to Binsfeld's classification of demons, the pairings are as follows

Lucifer: Pride (superbia)
Mammon: Greed (avaritia)
Asmodeus: Lust (luxuria)
Leviathan: Envy (invidia)
Beelzebub: Gluttony (gula or gullia)
Satan/Amon: Wrath (ira)
Belphegor: Sloth (acedia)

This contrasts slightly with an earlier series of pairings found in the fifteenth century English Lollard tract Lanterne of Light, which pairs Lucifer with Pride, Beelzebub with Envy, Satan/Amon with Wrath, Abadon with Sloth, Mammon with Avarice, Belphegor with Gluttony and Asmodeus with Lust.^[18]

[edit] Patterns

According to a 2009 study by a Jesuit scholar, the most common deadly sin confessed by men is lust, and for women, pride.^[19] It was unclear whether these differences were due to different rates of commission, or different views on what "counts" or should be confessed.^[20]

[edit] Cultural references

The seven deadly sins have long been a source of inspiration for writers and artists, from morality tales of the Middle Ages to modern manga series and video games.

[edit] Menninger on the Deadly Sins

In his 1973 book, Whatever Became of Sin?, Karl Menninger argued that the traditional list of the seven deadly sins was incomplete; that most modern ethicists would include cruelty and dishonesty and probably would rate these as more serious than some of the more traditional sins such as gluttony or sadness.

[edit] Culbertson on the Deadly Sins

In his 1908 book, "How one is not to be," Andrew Culbertson argues that two further vices should be added to the deadly sins: fear and superstition. Fear, in Culbertson's description, amounts to the modern psychiatric condition called Delusional disorder, while superstition is, "Belief in things that one does not understand, to the point of giving money to frauds and spiritual confidence men."

[edit] Enneagram integration

The Enneagram of Personality integrates the seven with two additional "sins", deceit and fear. The Enneagram descriptions are broader than the traditional Christian interpretation and are presented in a comprehensive map.^[21]^[22]

[edit] Literary works inspired by the Seven Deadly Sins

John Climacus (7th century) in The Ladder of Divine Ascent places victory over the eight thoughts as individual steps of the thirty-step ladder: anger (8), vainglory (10, 22), sadness (13), gluttony (14), lust (15), greed (16, 17), acedia (18), and pride (23).
Dante's (1265–1321) The Divine Comedy is a three-part work composed of "Inferno", "Purgatorio", and "Paradiso". "Inferno" divides Hell into nine concentric circles, four of which directly correspond to certain deadly sins: circle two to lust, three to gluttony, four to greed, and five to both anger and sloth. The punishment for the latter two sins takes place in the Stygian lake, the wrathful being punished atop the lake, attacking one another with the various members of their person, including fangs, while the slothful are punished underneath the lake, breathing sighs in bubbles and singing a dolorous song.^[23] The remaining circles do not neatly map onto the seven sins. In "Purgatorio", Mount Purgatory is scaled in seven levels and follows the sin sequence of Aquinas (starting with pride).^{[citation needed]}
William Langland's (c. 1332–1386) Vision of Piers Plowman is structured around a series of dreams that are critical of contemporary errors while encouraging godly living. The sins are mentioned in this order: proud (pride; Passus V, lines 62–71), lechour (lecherousness; V. 71–74), envye (envy; V. 75–132), wrathe (wrath; V. 133–185), coveitise (covetousness; V. 186–306), glutton (gluttony; V. 307–385), sleuthe (sloth; V. 386–453).^[24]
John Gower's (1330–1408) Confessio Amantis centres on a confession by Amans ("the Lover") to Genius, the chaplain of the goddess Venus. Following confessional practice of the time, the confession is structured around the seven deadly sins, though focuses on his sins against the rules of courtly love.^[25]
Geoffrey Chaucer's (c. 1340–1400) Canterbury Tales features the seven deadly sins in The Parson's Tale: pride (paragraphs 24–29), envy (30–31), wrath (32–54), sloth (55–63), greed (64–70), gluttony (71–74), lust (75–84).^[26]
Christopher Marlowe's (1564–1593) The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus shows Lucifer, Beelzebub, and Mephistophiles coming from hell to show Dr. Faustus "some pastime" (Act II, Scene 2). The sins present themselves, in order: pride, greed, envy, wrath, gluttony, sloth, lust.^[27]
Edmund Spenser's (1552–1599), The Faerie Queene addresses the seven deadly sins in "Book I (The Legend of the Knight of the Red Cross, Holiness)": vanity/pride (Canto IV, stanzas 4–17), idleness/sloth (IV. 18-20), gluttony (IV. 21-23), lechery/lust (IV. 24-26), avarice/greed (IV. 27-29), envy (IV. 30-32), wrath (IV. 33-35).^[28]
Spanish writer Fernando Díaz Plaja (b. 1918) wrote and published in 1966 El Español y los siete pecados capitales (The Spaniard and the Seven Deadly Sins) where he criticized in a humorous manner the shortcomings of the Spanish character as viewed through the seven deadly sins. In the following years he published similar works about other nationalities (USA 1968, French 1969, Italian 1970, Eastern Europe 1985, etc.) ^[29]
Anthony Bruno wrote the novel, Seven (1995), based on a screenplay for the 1995 film Se7en, by Andrew Kevin Walker.^[30]

Garth Nix's "The Keys to the Kingdom" is an all ages seven-book series (the first published in 2003) in which the main nemesis of each book is afflicted by one of the seven deadly sins.
Daniel Born along with Donald Whitfield and Mike Levine selected and edited two short stories for each of the seven deadly sins in The 7 Deadly Sins Sampler published by The Great Books Foundation in 2007. The same foundation published Even Deadlier as a sequel with the same format in 2009. For the second title Born headed a new group of editors, which included Molly Benningfield, Judith McCue, Abigail Mitchell, and Lindsay Tigue in addition to Whitfield.
Author Caroline Myss, in her 2009 book Defy Gravity: Healing Beyond the Bounds of Reason, integrates the seven deadly sins as a key to understanding the spiritual underpinnings of healing. Her work proports that the "dark passions" of pride, avarice, luxury, wrath, gluttony, envy, and sloth are countered by the transformational power of the respective seven graces: reverence, piety, understanding, fortitude, counsel, knowledge, and wisdom.
A 2010 collection of Star Trek stories, Star Trek: Seven Deadly Sins, contains seven short novels, which link each deadly sin to a major Trek race: the Romulans (Pride), Borg (Gluttony), Klingons (Anger), Pakleds (Sloth), the Mirror Universe (Lust), the Ferengi (Greed), and the Cardassians (Envy).^[31]^[32]

[edit] Art and music

[edit] Art

Hieronymus Bosch, The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things (1485).
The 1933 painting The Seven Cardinal Sins, by German Expressionist artist Otto Dix, depicts seven beings, each representing one of the seven sins.
Modern artist Paul Cadmus starting in 1945 painted a series of graphically disturbing, anthropomorphic depictions of the seven deadly sins, in the style of comic books. After his death, this series was willed to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
American artist Frank Rampolla created a series of paintings in 1968 depicting his expressionist viewpoint of the Seven Deadly Sins.
Kendell Geers, "The Seven Deadly Sins" 2006: Series of 7 Ultra Violet neons exhibited at Stephen Friedman Gallery in London, Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst in Ghent Belgium, DA2 in Salamanca Spain and the 2007 Venice Biennial.

[edit] Music

Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht, The Seven Deadly Sins (Die sieben Todsünden) (1933); a ballet-chantant in which the protagonist (Anna) and her 'sister' or alter-ego, also named Anna, try to help their family by engaging in each sin in one form or another, as they travel across the United States.
The 1997 album Heaven and Hell by Joe Jackson is a modern musical interpretation of the seven deadly sins.
The Welsh band Magenta have a 2004 album called Seven, wherein the songs represent the seven daily sins.
The Tiger Lillies's 2008 album and stage show 7 Deadly Sins is based on the sins being experienced by a modernized version of Punch and Judy (in itself a reworking of Adam and Eve) called "Punch and Jude".
The 2008 album Melankolia / XXX Couture by Danish rapper L.O.C. focuses on how the artist came into contact with each of the sins, and then how these sins have come to be culturally accepted.
The 2011 album A Place Where The Sun Is Silent, by American post-hardcore band Alesana, focuses on the seven deadly sins as a concept in the album.
In the 2011 album Vices and Virtues, by the American alternative rock band Panic! At The Disco, every song describes a certain vice or virtue, hence the name.
The 2004 album Within a Mile of Home, by the Celtic Rock band Flogging Molly, has a song entitled The Seven Deadly Sins.

[edit] Film, television, radio, comic books and video games

[edit] In comics

In Matt Fraction's comic book Casanova, the series' issues are named, in Latin, for each of the seven sins, beginning with Luxuria.
In DC Comics, the Demon Trigon powers re side from the Seven Deadly Sins.
The Seven Deadly Sins (traditionally given as "The Seven Deadly Enemies of Man") figure prominently in the mythos of Fawcett/DC Comics superhero Captain Marvel, and have appeared several times as supervillains in recent DC Comics publications.
In the webcomic Jack, the seven sins are personified by anthropomorphs. The main character, Jack, represents the sin of Wrath.

[edit] In film

There was a series of seven silent films made in 1917 that bore the series title, The Seven Deadly Sins, which began with Envy (1917), continued with Pride (1917), Greed (1917), Sloth (1917), Passion (1917), and Wrath (1917), and concluded with the synonymously titled The Seventh Sin (1917). The final installment was given that title because Gluttony was considered too offensive, and the producers could not come up with an adequate synonym.
The original version of the film Bedazzled (1967) (remade in 2000) includes all seven sins; Raquel Welch as (Lillian) Lust, Barry Humphries as Envy, Alba as Vanity, Robert Russell as Anger, Parnell McGarry as Gluttony, Daniele Noel as Avarice, and Howard Goorney as Sloth.
The film The Devil's Nightmare (1971) is about a succubus who kills a group of tourists who are each guilty of one of the seven sins.
The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins (1971) is a British film built around a series of comedy sketches on the seven deadly sins, and referencing the classic Western film The Magnificent Seven.
In the film Seven (1995), written by Andrew Kevin Walker, directed by David Fincher and starring Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman, a mysterious serial killer punishes transgressors of each of the deadly sins through his crimes.

[edit] In gaming

In the music game beatmania IIDX 19 Lincle, there are boss songs based on the seven deadly sins with the artists' names based on the Seven princes of Hell.
In the video game The Binding of Isaac, there are 7 mini-bosses based on the 7 deadly sins.
In the video game Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII, a major boss uses special attacks named after the deadly sins: Unleashed Wrath, End of Gluttony, Wings of Pride, Charge of Greed, Thunder of Envy, Defense of Lust, and Rage of Sloth.
In the horror game, Demonophobia, each boss the main character, Sakuri, faces represent a certain deadly sin. Each is named after one of the seven princes of Hell. In-game, they are simply titled and called "Devils" by Ridz, a blue cloaked demon who aids Sakuri.
In the video game Devil May Cry 3, the seven deadly sins are represented by a group of common enemies, as well as by seven infernal bells. Fallen angels that personify the sins are also featured heavily in the prequel manga, in which they are important in summoning the bell-containing tower in the first place.
In the game Final Fantasy: 4 Heroes of Light, some major bosses are the demons of Binsfeld's classification of demons.
In Knight Online's Bifrost are monsters that can hunt for Fragments of the seven sins. Fragments can be turned into unique items, or collected to gain access to the chamber of Ultima.
In the video game Overlord, the seven heroes that the protagonist must defeat have all been corrupted by one of the seven deadly sins.
In the 2011 game Patapon 3 each of the seven Dark Heroes represents a deadly sin.
Rengoku II: The Stairway to Heaven is based on eight levels of a tower, seven named after the sins, the eighth being Paradise.
In Umineko no Naku Koro ni, the Seven Stakes of Purgatory are named after Peter Binsfeld's temptor demons and propagate or embody a deadly sin. Their ages follow the order of Purgatorio, Lucifer (Pride) being the eldest and Asmodeus (Lust) the youngest.

[edit] In manga and anime

In the manga and anime Digimon, the Seven Great Demon Lords, each of whom represents one of the sins, are a major group of antagonists.
In the manga and anime Fullmetal Alchemist, each sin is used as the name of each member of a group of powerful artificial humans called "homunculi", with each homunculus' personality and appearance being based on the sin which they are named after.
In the manga and anime Katekyo Hitman Reborn!, the member of Varia each match one of the Seven Deadly Sins, their Latin names, or the respective demons of the sins.

[edit] In radio

Mark Watson Makes the World Substantially Better fits the sins into a six part BBC radio series, with Greed and Gluttony combined as the "similar sins".

[edit] In television

In the Norwegian TV show De syv dødssyndene (The Seven Deadly Sins), Kristopher Schau attempts to invoke the wrath of God by carrying out each of the seven deadly sins. When Schau was talking about the show on the talk show Senkveld (Late Night), he said "If I don't end up in Hell, then there is no Hell." The program caused a great deal of public debate surrounding the issue of censorship.
In the Philippines TV series Lastikman, each major villain represents one of the deadly sins.
In 2010, a miniseries called Seven Deadly Sins aired on the Lifetime Movie Network, based on author Robin Wasserman's series of novels.
In the American TV show Supernatural, the main characters must discover and defeat powerful demons embodying the seven deadly sins.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

Notes

^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, nn.1856. See also nn.1854–1864.
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1866.
^ Boyle, Marjorie O'Rourke (1997) [1997-10-23]. "Three: The Flying Serpent". Loyola's Acts: The Rhetoric of the Self. The New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Poetics,. 36. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 100–146. ISBN 978-0-520-20937-4.
^ Proverbs 6:16–19
^ Galatians
^ Evagrio Pontico,Gli Otto Spiriti Malvagi, trans., Felice Comello, Pratiche Editrice, Parma, 1990, p.11-12.
^ ^a ^b Refoule, 1967
^ Introduction to Paulist Press edition of John Climacus: The Ladder of Divine Ascent by Kallistos Ware, p63.
^ Godsall-Myers, Jean E. (2003). Speaking in the medieval world. Brill. p. 27. ISBN 9004129553.
^ Katherine Ludwig, Jansen (2001). The making of the Magdalen: preaching and popular devotion in the later Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0691089876.
^ Vossler, Karl; Spingarn, Joel Elias (1929). Mediæval Culture: The religious, philosophic, and ethico-political background of the "Divine Comedy". University of Michigan: Constable & company. p. 246.
^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
^ ^a ^b Okholm, Dennis. "Rx for Gluttony". Christianity Today, Vol. 44, No. 10, September 11, 2000, p.62
^ "Gluttony". Catholic Encyclopedia.
^ "The Free Dictionary". The Free Dictionary. 1987-04-01. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
^ "Summa Theologica: Treatise on The Theological Virtues (QQ[1] - 46): Question. 36 - Of Envy (four articles)". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
^ Oxford English dictionary
^ Morton W. Bloomfield, The Seven Deadly Sins, Michigan State College Press, 1952, pp.214-215.
^ "Two sexes 'sin in different ways'". BBC News. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
^ Morning Edition (2009-02-20). "True Confessions: Men And Women Sin Differently". Npr.org. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
^ Maitri, The Enneagram of Passions and Virtues, pp.11-31
^ Rohr, The Enneagram
^ Dante, Inferno, Canto VII.120-128, translated by H.F. Cary, courtesy Project Gutenberg
^ References use the B-text, see Vision of Piers Plowman
^ "Confessio Amantis, or, Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins by John Gower - Project Gutenberg". Gutenberg.org. 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
^ "The Canterbury Tales/The Parson's Prologue and Tale - Wikisource". En.wikisource.org. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
^ "Christopher Marlowe, The Tragedie of Doctor Faustus (B text) (ed. Hilary Binda)". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
^ Darkwing.uoregon.edu
^ "Biografia de Fernando Díaz-Plaja". Biografiasyvidas.com. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
^ Bruno, Anthony (199). Seven. ISBN 0312957041.
^ "Seven Deadly Sins - Memory Beta, non-canon Star Trek Wiki". Memory-beta.wikia.com. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
^ "Seven Deadly Sins - Memory Alpha, the Star Trek Wiki". Memory-alpha.org. 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2010-07-24.

Bibliography

Refoule, F. (1967) Evagrius Ponticus. In Staff of Catholic University of America (Eds.) New Catholic Encyclopaedia. Volume 5, pp644–645. New York: McGrawHill.
Schumacher, Meinolf (2005): "Catalogues of Demons as Catalogues of Vices in Medieval German Literature: 'Des Teufels Netz' and the Alexander Romance by Ulrich von Etzenbach." In In the Garden of Evil: The Vices and Culture in the Middle Ages. Edited by Richard Newhauser, pp. 277–290. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.

[edit] Further reading

The Divine Comedy ("Inferno", "Purgatorio", and "Paradiso"), by Dante Alighieri
Summa Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas
The Concept of Sin, by Josef Pieper
The Traveller's Guide to Hell, by Michael Pauls & Dana Facaros
Sacred Origins of Profound Things, by Charles Panati
The Faerie Queene, by Edmund Spenser
The Seven Deadly Sins Series, Oxford University Press (7 vols.)

[edit] External links

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Wednesday, December 21, 2011

Penny Wise, Pound Foolish

The Seven Deadly Sins

Why bother?

The Seven Deadly Sins - A List of Capital Sins

Deadly Sin * **

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[edit] Biblical lists

[edit] Development of the traditional Seven Sins

[edit] Historical and modern definitions of the deadly sins

[edit] Lust

[edit] Gluttony

[edit] Greed

[edit] Sloth

[edit] Acedia

[edit] Wrath

[edit] Envy

[edit] Pride

[edit] Vainglory

[edit] Catholic Seven Virtues

[edit] Associations with demons

[edit] Patterns

[edit] Cultural references

[edit] Menninger on the Deadly Sins

[edit] Culbertson on the Deadly Sins

[edit] Enneagram integration

[edit] Literary works inspired by the Seven Deadly Sins

[edit] Art and music

[edit] Art

[edit] Music

[edit] Film, television, radio, comic books and video games

[edit] In comics

[edit] In film

[edit] In gaming

[edit] In manga and anime

[edit] In radio

[edit] In television

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

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