Monday, December 12, 2011

Mohamed (Man in the Muddle, Oops, Middle) ElBaradei

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Mohamed (L'homme dans la confusion, Oups, Moyen-Orient) ElBaradei


L'âge de la Déception
Diplomatie nucléaire à Times Treacherous
Mohamed ElBaradei
Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company de New York
ISBN 978-0-8050-9350-6
"Mohamed ElBaradei est l'un des leaders véritablement grands de sa génération."
Graham Allison T,
Douglas Dillon professeur d'administration publique et directeur du
Le Centre pour la science Belfr et des affaires internationales,
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
"Mohamed ElBaradei, a parlé avec éloquence mondiale
efforts de réduction de la pauvreté et la résolution des conflits
et a montré une profonde compréhension de la valeur intrinsèque
liens entre la paix, le désarmement et le développement ...
Nous honorons ce prix un diplomate très distingué,
un érudit, un fonctionnaire international de la plus haute
ordre et un homme d'Etat du monde. "
Le Premier ministre, Manmohan Singh,
2008 Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Citation
Critique de livre:
Mohamed ElBaradei, a reçu le Nobel de la Paix de 2005.
Il est mieux connu comme le directeur général international deThe
Agence atomique, (AIEA) de l'Agence capable de créer furoe
sur leur (jetables) de trouver plus de recherche nucléaire de l'Iran
(Encore à prouver sans l'ombre d'un doute) dans un atome
arme.
Beaucoup ont été écrits, commentés et discutés dans les
Ouest (influencée par de puissants Pentagone / CIA / Maison Blanche)
moulins de la propagande, barattage plus puéril, chauvin
sale et caractéristique, Oops, le style caricaturesque.
Certaines de votre serviteur, je l'avoue. Il va ma seule chance
d'être un "homme de l'année", l'image sur le temps. Oh bien.
Je ne suis pas encore mort, je pense.
Maintenant, pourquoi devrais-je désordre autour d'un tel dignitaire
Mohamed El Baradei?
Bonne question.
Ma réponse est: «Parce que».
J'ai été courir ce monstre, "Malnutrion l'Amérique,
Oups, Maladroit, Oups, Malafide penchant pour aller
Berserk sur leur paranoïa (musulmans) contre le terrorisme.
Me prouver le contraire. Je vous osez. George HW Bush, un homme gentil
accoding à certains GOP Pensez-citernes avec des oeillères
tout d'un coup, se réveille en hurlant et criant dans sa
pyjamas en soie et soulève l'enfer.
Maintenant un président de ces Vous chevalier (mentale) des États-
(Conservateur) L'Amérique est censée avoir une belle et
un sommeil paisible, après quelques jours (dur) travail. Un rêve
sommeil. Comme il l'a déjà fait des plans pour sa présidentielle
Bibliothèque dans sa ville natale, avec un peu d'aide de son
(Monétaire et militaire) des admirateurs et des porteurs, Oups,
partisans, avec un oeil pour un pardon peu à la dernière
heure de la présidence.
Pourquoi aller partout dans l'océan, le grand, l'Atlantique et
commencer à rechercher des armes de destruction massive, les ADM
sous le lit palais d'un dictateur (musulmans), de tous les
les lieux dans EyeRack godforsaken?
Mohamed pensait qu'il s'agissait d'une Wild Goose Chase. Moi aussi.
Laissez-moi citer le livre:
»Conclusion: La quête de la sécurité humaine» (Page 314)
«Le changement qui a eu lieu à la mi-1009 est sans
recedent. Pour un auditoire dont coutumières fenêtre sur
allées et venues sur ces consistes du Washington Post ou de
Le Financial Times ... ».
Pas étonnant que j'aime mon homme principal, Mohamed ElBaradei.
Qu'Allah soit loué, (PSL)
... Et je suis Sid Harth@sidileaks.net

Mohamed ElBaradei

Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre
Mohamed ElBaradei
محمد البرادعى
Directeur général de l' Agence internationale d'énergie atomique
Dans le bureau de
1 Décembre 1997 à 1930 Novembre 2009
Secrétaire généralKofi Annan,
Ban Ki-moon
Précédé parHans Blix
Suivi parYukiya Amano
Les détails personnels
Né17 Juin 1942 (69 ans)
Caire , Egypte
Alma materUniversité du Caire
Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales
Université de New York
ProfessionScholar , diplomate , Activist
ReligionL'islam [1] [2]
Site WebSite officiel
Mohamed ElBaradei, Mustafa ( arabe : محمد مصطفى البرادعى, Muhammad Mustafa al-ʿ ī Barad, la prononciation de l'arabe égyptien: [mæħæmmæd plupart ˤ ɑfɑ (ʔe) lbæɾædʕi] , né le 17 Juin, 1942) est un spécialiste du droit égyptien et diplomate. Il était le directeur général de l' Agence internationale d'énergie atomique (AIEA), une organisation inter-gouvernementale sous l'égide de l' Organisation des Nations Unies , à partir de Décembre 1997 to Novembre 2009. M. ElBaradei et l'AIEA ont reçu conjointement le prix Nobel en 2005. M. ElBaradei a également été une figure importante dans la révolution de 2011 égyptienne , qui a renversé le président égyptien Hosni Moubarak .

Contenu

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[ modifier ] Vie familiale et vie personnelle

M. ElBaradei est né et a grandi dans le Caire , en Egypte . Il fut l'un des cinq enfants de Mostafa ElBaradei, un avocat qui a dirigé l'Egypte Association du Barreau et se trouve souvent en contradiction avec le régime du président Gamal Abdel Nasser . Père de M. ElBaradei a également été un partisan de la démocratie des droits en Égypte, en soutenant une presse libre et une justice indépendante . [3]
M. ElBaradei est marié à Aida El-Kachef, une enseignante de la petite enfance . Ils ont deux enfants: une fille, Laila, qui est un avocat vivant à Londres , et un fils, Mostafa, qui est un responsable informatique qui vivent au Caire. Ils ont aussi une petite-fille, Maya. [4]
ElBaradei parle l'arabe , anglaise et française , et qui sait "assez allemands pour s'en sortir, du moins dans de Vienne ». [5]

[ modifier ] Début de carrière

M. ElBaradei a obtenu un baccalauréat en droit de l' Université du Caire en 1962, une maîtrise en droit international à l' Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales de Genève , et un JSD [6] [7] en droit international à l' École de New York Université de Droit en 1974.
Sa carrière diplomatique a débuté en 1964 dans le ministère des Affaires extérieures , où il a servi dans les Missions permanentes de l'Égypte à l' Organisation des Nations Unies dans le New-York et dans de Genève , en charge des questions politiques, juridiques et de contrôle des armes. De 1974 à 1978, il a été adjoint spécial du ministre des Affaires étrangères . En 1980, il devient une personne âgée collègues en charge du programme de droit international à l' Institut des Nations Unies pour la Formation et la Recherche . De 1981 à 1987, il était également un professeur adjoint de droit international à l' Université de New York School of Law.
En 1984, M. ElBaradei est devenu un membre du personnel supérieur de l'AIEA Secrétariat , agissant comme conseiller juridique de l'agence (1984-1993) et Directeur général adjoint chargé des relations extérieures (1993-1997).
M. ElBaradei est actuellement un membre de l' International Law Association et de l' American Society of International Law .

[ modifier ] carrière publique comme directeur général de l'AIEA

M. ElBaradei a commencé à servir en tant que Directeur général de l'AIEA, qui est basé à Vienne , sur Décembre 1, 1997, succédant à Hans Blix de la Suède . [8] [9] Il a été réélu pour deux autres mandats de quatre ans en 2001 et en 2005. Son troisième et dernier mandat a pris fin en Novembre 2009. Foncière ElBaradei a été marquée par de grande envergure, de non-prolifération des questions, qui comprennent les inspections de l'Irak avant la invasion de Mars 2003 et les tensions sur le programme nucléaire de l'Iran .

[ modifier ] Premier terme en tant que Directeur Général

Après avoir été nommé par l'AIEA Conférence générale en 1997, M. ElBaradei a déclaré dans son discours que, "pour les organisations internationales pour profiter de la confiance et le soutien de leurs membres, ils doivent être sensibles aux [des membres] besoins; montrer des réalisations concrètes; mener leurs activités de manière rentable, et le respect d'un processus de représentation équitable, la transparence et le dialogue ouvert ». [10]
Juste un couple de mois avant ElBaradei a pris ses fonctions, le modèle de protocole additionnel a été adoptée, créant un nouvel environnement pour la vérification de l'AIEA en lui donnant une plus grande autorité pour chercher activités nucléaires non déclarées. Lorsque dans le bureau, M. ElBaradei a lancé un programme visant à établir des «garanties intégrées» combinant l'AIEA complète des accords de garanties avec le Protocole additionnel nouvellement adopté. Dans sa déclaration à la Conférence générale en 1998, il a appelé tous les États à conclure le protocole additionnel: «Un des buts principaux du système de garanties renforcées, peut être mieux réalisé avec l'adhésion globale. Je voudrais, par conséquent, instamment tous les États ayant des accords de garanties exceptionnelle-de les conclure, et je voudrais aussi exhorter tous les États à accélérer l'examen du modèle de protocole additionnel et engager des consultations avec l'Agence à la première occasion possible. Nous devons travailler ensemble pour s'assurer que, en l'an 2000, tous les Etats [sera] ont conclu des accords de garanties et exceptionnelle-aussi le Protocole additionnel. "Elbaradei répéta cet appel à travers ses années en tant que directeur général de l'AIEA. En Novembre 2009, 93 pays avaient protocoles additionnels en vigueur. [11]
Premier mandat de M. ElBaradei a pris fin en Novembre 2001, deux mois seulement après l' terroristes des attaques de 9 / 11 . Ces attaques clair que davantage devait être fait pour protéger les matières nucléaires et des installations contre le vol ou une attaque terroriste. En conséquence, M. ElBaradei a établi un programme de sécurité nucléaire pour lutter contre le risque de terrorisme nucléaire, en aidant les États membres à renforcer la protection de leurs matières nucléaires et radioactives et des installations, le Fonds de sécurité nucléaire . [12]

[ edit ] second mandat de Directeur Général

Un des problèmes majeurs durant le second mandat de M. ElBaradei que le directeur général de l'AIEA a été inspections de l'agence en Irak. M. ElBaradei a contesté la justification des Etats-Unis pour la invasion de 2003 de l'Irak à partir du moment de l'année 2002 la crise irakienne de désarmement , quand il, avec Hans Blix , a dirigé une équipe d'inspecteurs en désarmement de l'ONU en Irak. M. ElBaradei a déclaré au Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU in Mars 2003 que des documents visant à démontrer que l'Irak avait tenté d'acquérir l'uranium à partir Niger n'étaient pas authentiques.
ElBaradei décrit l'invasion américaine de l'Irak comme «un exemple flagrant de la façon dont, dans de nombreux cas, l'usage de la force exacerbe le problème plutôt que [résout] elle." [13] M. ElBaradei a en outre déclaré que «nous avons appris de l'Irak que l'inspection prend temps, que nous devons être patients, qu'une inspection peut, en effet, le travail, " [14] et qu'il avait "été validés" en concluant que Saddam Hussein n'avait pas relancé son armement nucléaire du programme. [15]
Dans un éditorial 2004 pièce sur les dangers de la prolifération nucléaire, dans le New York Times (Février 12, 2004), M. ElBaradei a déclaré que «[n] ous devons abandonner l'idée impossible qu'il est moralement répréhensible pour certains pays de se doter d'armes de destruction massive, mais moralement acceptable pour d'autres de s'appuyer sur eux pour la sécurité -. et même de continuer à affiner leurs capacités et définir des plans pour leur utilisation » [16] Il a poursuivi en disant "Si le monde ne change pas de cap, nous le risque d'auto-destruction. "

[ modifier ] troisième et dernier mandat en tant que Directeur Général

Les Etats-Unis ont initialement exprimé leur opposition à son élection à un tiers mandat de quatre ans en 2005. [17] en mai 2005 entretien avec le personnel du Sénat américain Comité des relations étrangères , Lawrence Wilkerson , le chef du personnel de l'ancien secrétaire américain de la Etat Colin Powell , l'ancien chargé secrétaire d'Etat au contrôle des armements et la sécurité internationale , John Bolton, avec une campagne sournoise pour déloger M. ElBaradei. [18] «M. Bolton outrepassé ses limites dans ses mouvements et les fluctuations d'essayer de garder [ElBaradei] d'être reconduit dans ses fonctions en tant que [l'AIEA] tête », a déclaré Wilkerson. Le Washington Post rapporté en Décembre 2004 que le gouvernement Bush avait intercepté des dizaines d'appels téléphoniques de M. ElBaradei avec des diplomates iraniens et a les scruter les preuves [qu '] ils pourraient utiliser pour le forcer à partir. [18] AIEA porte-parole Mark Gwozdecky déclaré que l'agence a travaillé sur "l'hypothèse selon laquelle une ou plusieurs entités peuvent être à l'écoute de nos conversations." "Ce n'est pas la façon dont nous préféreraient travailler, mais c'est la réalité. A la fin de la journée, nous n'avons rien à cacher ", at-il dit. L'Iran a répondu à la Washington Post rapporte en accusant les Etats-Unis du droit international violé dans l'interception des communications. [19]
Les Etats-Unis a été le seul pays à s'opposer à reconduction de M. ElBaradei et finalement échoué à remporter suffisamment de soutien d'autres pays pour évincer ElBaradei. Le 9 Juin 2005, après une rencontre entre la secrétaire d'Etat Condoleezza Rice et de M. ElBaradei, les Etats-Unis abandonné ses griefs. Parmi les pays qui ont soutenu Elbaradei ont été la Chine , la Russie , l'Allemagne , et France . La Chine a salué son leadership et son objectivité, [17] et l'a soutenu pour faire «un travail considérable fructueuse, qui a maintenu le rôle de l'agence et de crédit en non-prolifération internationale et promu le développement de l'utilisation pacifique de l'énergie nucléaire . Son travail a été universellement reconnu dans la communauté internationale. La Chine apprécie le travail de M. El Baradei et soutient sa réélection comme directeur général de l'agence ». [20] France, Allemagne, et dans certains pays en développement, ont clairement exprimé leur soutien à M. ElBaradei ainsi. [18] La Russie a publié une déclaration forte en faveur des réélisant dès que possible.
M. ElBaradei a été unanimement re-nommé par le conseil de l'AIEA sur le Juin 13, 2005. [21]

[ modifier ] Commentaires sur aucune quatrième mandat

En 2008, M. ElBaradei a déclaré qu'il ne briguerait pas un quatrième mandat comme directeur général. [22] Par ailleurs, at-il dit, dans un document de l'AIEA, qu'il n'était «pas disponible pour un nouveau mandat" dans le bureau. [23] Dans son les cinq premiers tours de scrutin, l'AIEA Conseil des gouverneurs a été divisé dans sa décision concernant le prochain directeur général. M. ElBaradei a déclaré: «J'espère seulement que l'agence a un candidat acceptable pour tous nord, le sud, est, ouest-parce que c'est ce qui est nécessaire». [24] Après plusieurs tours de scrutin, sur Juillet 3, 2009, M. Yukiya Amano , ambassadeur du Japon auprès de l'AIEA, a été élu comme prochain directeur général de l'AIEA.

[ modifier ] ElBaradei et les relations des Etats-Unis

Mohamed ElBaradei, chef de file de la Coalition nationale pour le changement, a été une voix importante pour le changement démocratique en Egypte depuis 2009 et a été un leader important au cours des récentes manifestations. [25] Toutefois, il a une histoire rocheux avec le gouvernement américain et prend en charge certaines politiques qui ne soutiennent pas la politique étrangère américaine actuelle vers la stabilité au Moyen-Orient. M. ElBaradei a été le directeur général de l'AIEA de 1997 à 2009. Pendant son mandat de trois, a à plusieurs reprises minimisé revendications de possibles dimensions militaires du programme nucléaire iranien, qui a sapé les efforts américains pour appuyer sur l'Iran sur ses violations des garanties. [26] Selon une Juillet 3 2003 Article dans le magazine Time, M. ElBaradei a également affirmé que l'Irak programme nucléaire n'avait pas redémarré avant la guerre en Irak en 2003, contredisant les revendications par l'administration Bush. Il a déclaré au magazine de nouvelles allemand Der Spiegel le 12 Juillet 2010 qu'il a voulu ouvrir la bande de Gaza -. frontière entre l'Egypte et a accusé Israël d'être la principale menace pour le Moyen-Orient en raison de leurs armes nucléaires [27]
M. ElBaradei a appelé à une enquête criminelle internationale d'anciens responsables de régime de Bush pour leur rôle dans la fomentation de la guerre en Irak . [28]

[ modifier ] Rôle dans la lutte contre le programme nucléaire de l'Iran

Article détaillé: Programme nucléaire de l'Iran
Dans son dernier discours au Conseil des gouverneurs de l'AIEA en Juin 2009, M. ElBaradei a déclaré que «l'agence a été en mesure de continuer à vérifier le non-détournement de matières nucléaires déclarées en Iran." Il a regretté, toutefois, que "l'Iran n'a pas appliqué aucune des mesures préconisées par le Conseil de sécurité et par le conseil de l'Agence des gouverneurs. "ElBaradei a également dit qu'il était encouragé" par la nouvelle initiative des Etats-Unis pour engager la République islamique d'Iran dans un dialogue direct, sans conditions préalables et sur les la base du respect mutuel "et a exprimé l'espoir" que l'Iran répondra à l'initiative américaine avec un geste d'égalité de bonne volonté et la confiance. "Ce geste« pourrait inclure la mise en œuvre nouveau design d'information de l'agence exigences et l'application des dispositions du protocole additionnel ».
Le Conseil des gouverneurs de l'AIEA et du Conseil de sécurité ont félicité M. ElBaradei pour "efforts professionnels et impartiaux" pour résoudre toutes les questions en suspens avec l'Iran. [29] [30] Le Mouvement des pays non-alignés (MNA) a également réitéré "son entière confiance dans la l'impartialité et le professionnalisme du Secrétariat de l'AIEA ». [31] [32]

[ modifier ] Déclarations aux médias

Dans une interview à CNN en mai 2007, M. ElBaradei a donné un de ses avertissements sévères contre l'utilisation de l'action militaire contre l'Iran, un Etat signataire de la non-prolifération nucléaire traité. Se référant au «peuple extrêmes qui ont des vues extrêmes» il a dit que "vous ne voulez pas donner argument supplémentaire pour certains des« nouveaux cinglés "qui veulent dire laissez-nous aller bombarder l'Iran». [33]
Le New York Times chroniqueur Roger Cohen interrogé M. ElBaradei, en avril 2009. M. ElBaradei est cité comme disant, " Israël serait complètement fou pour attaquer l'Iran. "Il stipule qu'une attaque contre les installations nucléaires de l'Iran serait« transformer la région en une boule de feu et de mettre l'Iran sur un cours accéléré pour les armes nucléaires avec le soutien de l'ensemble du monde musulman ». [34] M. ElBaradei estime que la non-prolifération nucléaire le régime a «perdu sa légitimité aux yeux des Arabes l'opinion publique en raison de la perception double standard »par rapport à Israël programme d'armement nucléaire » . [35]
Dans une interview au journal français, Le Monde , M. ElBaradei a déclaré qu'il veut «amener les gens loin de l'idée que l'Iran sera une menace dès demain et que nous sommes confrontés en ce moment avec la question de savoir si l'Iran devrait être bombardées ou autorisés à avoir la bombe. Nous ne sommes pas du tout dans cette situation. L'Irak est un exemple flagrant de la façon dont, dans de nombreux cas, l'usage de la force exacerbe le problème plutôt que [résout] elle. " [13]
Dans une interview publiée le 12 Juillet 2010, dans le magazine allemand Der Spiegel , M. ElBaradei a déclaré: «Je ne crois pas que les Iraniens sont en fait produire des armes nucléaires. . . . [E] n général, le danger d'un Iran nucléaire est surestimée. Certaines même y jouer jusqu'à intentionnellement [36]

[ modifier ] Réactions au rôle de M. ElBaradei dans la lutte contre le programme nucléaire de l'Iran

Ancien secrétaire d'Etat américaine , Condoleezza Rice, a indirectement critiqué M. ElBaradei de "troubler le message" à l'Iran et a également déclaré que «l'AIEA n'est pas dans les affaires de la diplomatie. L'AIEA est une agence technique qui a un conseil des gouverneurs dont les Etats-Unis est un membre. "En réponse aux commentaires de Mme Rice, un haut fonctionnaire de l'agence a déclaré que« l'AIEA ne fait que maintenant ce que le Conseil de sécurité nous a demandé à faire ». [37] note que Mme Rice ElBaradei a déclaré que, «dans la perspective américaine, j'ai servi avec distinction,", [38] et Rice a par ailleurs déclaré qu'elle appréciait sa "gestion du régime de non-prolifération». [39]
Ancien Premier ministre et actuel président d'Israël , Shimon Peres , a déclaré que «il ya des trous dans l'appareil (AIEA) pour dissuader une culture des armes nucléaires, comme dans le cas de l'Iran, mais l'agence a certainement fait beaucoup dans la prévention des armes nucléaires d'atteindre des mains dangereuses ». [40] Dans une réaction différente, l'ancien vice-Premier ministre israélien , Shaul Mofaz, a appelé à ElBaradei à être destitué . [41]
En Septembre 2007, le ministre français des Affaires étrangères , Bernard Kouchner , a averti sur les dangers potentiels d'un Iran nucléaire. Il a déclaré que "nous devons nous préparer au pire, et le pire c'est la guerre». [42] En réponse à M. Kouchner, ElBaredei caractérisé parle d'attaquer l'Iran comme "hype", et a rejeté l'idée d'une éventuelle attaque sur l'Iran. Il s'est référé à la guerre en Irak, où «70 000 civils innocents ont perdu la vie sur la suspicion qu'un pays possède des armes nucléaires». [43] Il a en outre ajouté: «Je ne crois pas à ce stade que nous sommes face à un clair et présent danger qui exige [que] nous dépassons la diplomatie ». [44]
L'Iran souligne que M. ElBaradei a souligné le manque de preuves que l'Iran est, après une bombe nucléaire [45] [46] et a déclaré que l'Iran respecte ses obligations de permettre aux inspecteurs dans ses sites nucléaires. États Iran en outre que le chef de l'AIEA a constamment vérifié non-détournement du programme nucléaire iranien et a déclaré que ses investigations ne montrent aucun aspect militaire du programme iranien. [47] [48] Selon le Tehran Times bureau politique, M. ElBaradei a réaffirmé en Décembre 2008 que les activités nucléaires de l'Iran sont "légales". [49] [50]
Dr Kaveh L Afrasiabi , l'auteur de Après Khomeini: New Directions in Politique étrangère de l'Iran, a déclaré que M. ElBaradei a été minimisé coopération de l'Iran depuis quelque temps, une déclaration qui soulève l'ire de Téhéran. Afrasiabi affirme en outre que M. ElBaradei s'est donné «la licence de spéculer sur la timeline lorsque l'Iran pourrait convertir son travail dans la militarisation nucléaire pacifique", ce qui est irresponsable et incompatible avec ses déclarations sur les autres Etats. [51]
ElBaradei et Colin Powell
Le NAM a également réitéré "son entière confiance dans l'impartialité et le professionnalisme du Secrétariat de l'AIEA." "[Le] NAM reconnaît l'AIEA comme la seule autorité compétente pour la vérification et exprime sa pleine confiance dans le professionnalisme et l'impartialité de l'AIEA . In this regard, [the] NAM strongly believes that all issues on safeguards and verification, including those of Iran, should be resolved only by the agency, within its framework, and be based on technical and legal grounds,” the NAM said in another statement. [31] [52]

[ edit ] Multinational control of the nuclear fuel cycle

In an op-ed that he wrote for the Economist in 2003, ElBaradei outlined his idea for the future of the nuclear fuel cycle . His suggestion was to “limit the processing of weapon-usable material in civilian nuclear programs, as well as the production of new material, by agreeing to restrict these operations exclusively to facilities under multinational control.” Also, “nuclear-energy systems should be deployed that, by design, avoid the use of materials that may be applied directly to making nuclear weapons.” He concluded by saying that “considerable advantages would be gained from international co-operation in these stages of the nuclear-fuel cycle. These initiatives would not simply add more non-proliferation controls, to limit access to weapon-usable nuclear material; they would also provide access to the benefits of nuclear technology for more people in more countries.” [53]
Non-nuclear-weapon states have been reluctant to embrace these proposals due to a perception that the commercial or strategic interests of nuclear-weapon states motivate the proposals, a perception that the proposals produce a dependency on a limited number of nuclear fuel suppliers, and a concern that the proposal restricts their unalienable right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. [54]

[ edit ] Technical cooperation and cancer control

ElBaradei's work does not only concentrate on nuclear verification. Another very important aspect is development through nuclear technology. In 2004, ElBaradei sponsored a comprehensive global initiative—the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT)–to fight cancer. In one of his statements, Elbaradei said: “A silent crisis in cancer treatment persists in developing countries and is intensifying every year. At least 50 to 60 percent of cancer victims can benefit from radiotherapy, but most developing countries do not have enough radiotherapy machines or sufficient numbers of specialized doctors and other health professionals.” In the first year of operation, PACT provided cancer-treatment capacity in seven member states, using the IAEA's share of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize. [55]
In his speech to the 2008 General Conference, ElBaradei said that “development activities remain central to our work. Our resources have long been insufficient to keep pace with requests for support, and we have increasingly made use of partnerships with other organizations, regional collaborations and country-to-country support. I again emphasise that technical cooperation is not a bargaining chip, part of a political 'balance' between the development and safeguards activities of the agency.” [56]

[ edit ] International Crisis Group

ElBaradei served on the Board of Trustees of the International Crisis Group , a non-governmental organization that enjoys an annual budget of over $15 million and is bankrolled by the Carnegie, the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as George Soros' Open Society Institute. Soros himself serves as a member of the organization's Executive Committee. [57]

[ edit ] Egyptian politics

[ edit ] 2011 Egyptian revolution

Mohammed ElBaradei during Friday of Anger
While speaking at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government on April 27, 2010, ElBaradei joked that he is “looking for a job” and is seeking to be an “agent of change and an advocate for democracy” within Egyptian politics. He also made clear that his wife is not very enthusiastic about any potential run. [58]
On January 27, 2011, ElBaradei returned to Egypt amid ongoing turmoil , with the largest mass protests in 30 years, which had begun two days earlier, on January 25, 2011. ElBaradei declared himself ready to lead a transitional government if that was the will of the nation, saying that, “If [people] want me to lead the transition, I will not let them down.” [59] Subsequently, “when he joined protesters Friday after noon prayers, police fired water cannons at him and his supporters. They used batons to beat some of ElBaradei's supporters, who surrounded him to protect him.” [60] On January 28, 2011, ElBaradei was reported to have been placed under house arrest in Egypt. [61] However, the next day, when he was interviewed by Al Jazeera , he said that he was unaware of any such arrest. [62]
Later on, ElBaradei arrived in Tahrir Square to join thousands of other protesters against the Mubarak regime and spoke directly to the people, stating that they “have taken back [their] rights” and that they cannot go back. A number of Egyptian political movements have called on ElBaradei to form a transitional government. [63] ElBaradei has also stated that “the people [of Egypt] want the regime to fall.” In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new vice president of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a “hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power. I think [that] it is loud and clear…that Mubarak has to leave today.” Additionally, ElBaradei restated his position that, when Egypt does become a democratic nation, “there is no reason to believe that a democracy in Egypt would not lead to a better relationship with the US based on respect and equity.” [64]
The Guardian reported that ElBaradei has been mandated by the Muslim Brotherhood and four other opposition groups to negotiate an interim “national salvation government.” However, BBC reports that the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition party banned by Mubarak's regime, has not consented to the choice of ElBaradei as the representative of the opposition. “The people have not appointed Mohamed ElBaradei to become a spokesman of them. The Muslim Brotherhood is much stronger than Mohamed ElBaradei as a person. And we do not agree [that he should represent] this movement. The movement is represented by itself, and it will [appoint] a committee. . .to [delegate its representatives].” [65]
His appointment is controversial largely because of the long periods that he has spent outside the country. His appointment is seen as a recognition of the importance of various Western nations' support of the revolts.

[ edit ] Possible presidential candidacy

ElBaradei's name has been circulated by opposition groups since 2009 as a possible candidate to succeed President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt's highest executive position. [66] [67] [68]
ElBaradei did not make any clear statements regarding his intentions to run for the office; however, he has demanded that certain conditions be met to ensure fair elections accompanied by changes to the constitution that will allow more freedom for independent candidates before he would actually consider running for the presidency. Several opposition groups have endorsed him, considering him a neutral figure who could transition the country to greater democracy .
On February 24, 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellectuals at his home in Cairo . The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called the “ National Association for Change .” The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainly article 76 of the Egyptian constitution , which places restrictions on free presidential elections, especially when it comes to independent candidates. The banned political group, the Muslim Brotherhood, was represented at the meeting by one of its key figures; however, its stand in accepting a non-member of its group as a representative is still unclear. It is also unknown whether Amr Moussa , the head of the Arab League who met with ElBaradei a day earlier, will be part of the new movement. [69]
On March 7, 2011 it was announced that Elbaradei intended to run for the presidential elections, this intention was later clearly stated in a live interview by ElBaradei to the ON TV channel March 10, 2011. [70]

[ edit ] Awards

During his tenure as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, ElBaradei has been recognized with many awards for his efforts to ensure that nuclear energy is used for peaceful purposes.

[ edit ] 2005 Nobel Peace Prize

Le 7 Octobre 2005, M. ElBaradei et l' AIEA ont été annoncés comme co-lauréates du Prix Nobel de la Paix pour leurs «efforts pour empêcher l'énergie nucléaire soit utilisée à des fins militaires et pour s'assurer que l'énergie nucléaire à des fins pacifiques, est utilisé dans les plus sûrs les manières possibles. "ElBaradei fait don de tous ses gains à la construction d'orphelinats au Caire . Les gains de l'AIEA sont dépensés pour former des scientifiques de pays en développement à utiliser les techniques nucléaires dans la lutte contre le cancer et la malnutrition. M. ElBaradei est l'Egyptien quatrième à recevoir le Prix Nobel, après Anouar el-Sadate (1978 dans la paix), Naguib Mahfouz (1988 en littérature), et Ahmed Zewail (1999 en chimie).
Dans sa conférence Nobel , M. ElBaradei a déclaré que l'évolution du paysage de la non-prolifération nucléaire et le désarmement peuvent être définies par l'émergence d'un vaste marché noir de matières et équipements nucléaires, la prolifération des armes nucléaires et la technologie nucléaire sensible, et la stagnation nucléaires le désarmement . Pour lutter contre la prolifération, M. ElBaradei a suggéré de garder des matières nucléaires et radiologiques des mains de groupes extrémistes, resserrant les contrôles sur les opérations pour la production des matières nucléaires qui pourraient être utilisés dans les armes, et l'accélération des efforts de désarmement. [71] M. ElBaradei a également déclaré que seuls les un pour cent de l'argent dépensé pour développer de nouvelles armes serait suffisante pour nourrir le monde entier et que, si nous voulons échapper à l'autodestruction, les armes nucléaires ne devraient avoir aucune place dans notre conscience collective et ne joue aucun rôle dans notre sécurité.
Secrétaire des Nations Unies , Kofi Annan a déclaré qu'il était ravi que le prix Nobel 2005 avait été attribué à l'organisme de surveillance nucléaire de l'ONU et son chef, M. ElBaradei. "Le secrétaire général félicite lui et l'ensemble du personnel de l'agence, passés et présents, sur leur contribution à la paix mondiale", un porte-parole a déclaré M. Annan. [72]

[ modifier ] Autres récompenses et de reconnaissance

M. ElBaradei à la 45ème Conférence de Munich sur la sécurité 2009
ElBaradei a reçu de nombreuses récompenses pour son travail en tant que directeur de l'AIEA:
M. ElBaradei a également reçu des doctorats honorifiques de l' Université de Dublin, Trinity College , Université de New York ; l' Université du Maryland , l' Université américaine du Caire , l' Université de la Méditerranée gratuit (LUM) à Bari, Italie; l'Université Soka du Japon ; l'Université de Tsinghua de Pékin , l' Université Polytechnique de Bucarest , l' Universidad Politécnica de Madrid ; Konkuk Université de Séoul , l' Université de Florence ; l' Université de Buenos Aires , l' Université nationale de Cuyo en Argentine; Amherst College et l'Université du Caire . [88]
Il est également membre de la Fondation Mo Ibrahim de l ' Ibrahim Prize Comité.

[ modifier ] Voir aussi

[ modifier ] Références

  1. ^ Jahn, George (30 Novembre 2009), «sortant chef de l'AIEA laisse un héritage complexe», Associated Press , consulté le 5 Février 2011 sur msnbc.com .
    M. ElBaradei, qui se décrit comme ayant une origine musulmane, cite parfois sa prière préférée chrétienne en parlant de son rôle sur la scène mondiale.
  2. ^ "Histoire - Muslim Public Affairs Council (Octobre 2006: la SÉFM présente inaugurale« Prix de la sécurité humaine »au lauréat du prix Nobel Dr Mohamed ElBaradei, chef de l'Agence internationale d'énergie atomique.)" . Muslim Public Affairs Council. Extrait le 5 Février 2011.
  3. ^ "Mohamed El Baradei" . Biographies notables. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  4. ^ une b "Biographie de la directrice générale d'ElBaradei" . Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique. Extrait le 5 Février 2011.
  5. ^ ", Mohamed ElBaradei, Interview-Prix Nobel de la paix» . L'American Academy of Achievement . 3 Juin 2006. p. 2. Extrait le 5 Février 2011.
  6. ^ Jules Catalogue de la bibliothèque à la NYU Law (entrée pour Mohamed El Baradei, «Le droit de passage par les détroits en temps de paix [microform] / par M. Mohamed El-Baradei," Thèse (SJD)-Université de New York, 1974, consulté le 4 Février 2011), http://julius.law.nyu.edu/record=b418078 ~ S0 .
  7. ^ NYUL Rev 60 (indice): i-x (matière première). 1985. résultat de recherche Google .
  8. ^ Autriche (2005-06-13). "Conseil de l'AIEA renouvelle le mandat Directeur général, Mohamed ElBaradei" . Iaea.org. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  9. ^ l'Autriche (2009-03-26). "Réunion du Conseil sur la nomination du Directeur général" . L'AIEA. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  10. ^ . ElBaradei, Mohamed (29/09/1997) «Système de garanties renforcé: statut des protocoles additionnels» . AIEA . Récupérée 2009-12-01.
  11. ^ "Système de garanties renforcé: statut des protocoles additionnels» . AIEA . 2009-11-26. Récupérée 2009-12-01.
  12. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (23/09/2005). "Sécurité nucléaire - mesures de protection contre le terrorisme" . AIEA . Récupérée 2009-12-01.
  13. ^ une b Boyle, Jon (Octobre 22, 2007). "L'Iran devrait avoir l'3-8 ans pour produire la bombe" . Reuters. Récupérée 21/06/2008.
  14. ^ "la guerre en Irak n'était pas justifiée, l'ONU spécialistes des armes dites" . CNN. 21/03/2004. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  15. ^ Lynch, Colum;. Linzer, Dafna (2004-11-02) "chef de l'ONU exhorte l'Iran Agence nucléaire de suspendre les activités« Washington Post.. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  16. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (02/12/2004). "nous sauver de la destruction auto" . AIEA . Récupérée 21/06/2008.
  17. ^ une b Voix de l'Amérique: l'AIEA reporte la décision sur le troisième mandat de M. ElBaradei [ lien mort ]
  18. ^ une b c "ElBaradei en passe de remporter troisième mandat" . Contrôlez les armes aujourd'hui. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  19. ^ "M. ElBaradei" n'a rien à cacher » . Nouvelles de BBC. 13/12/2004. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  20. ^ "Conférence de presse Ministère des Affaires étrangères Liu Jianchao Porte-parole le 16 Décembre 2004" . Chine-botschaft.de. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  21. ^ "des Etats-Unis accepte de revenir de l'ONU la tête nucléaire» . Nouvelles de BBC. 9 Juin 2005. Récupérée 21/06/2008.
  22. ^ "chef de l'AIEA ElBaradei ne cherchera pas un quatrième mandat" . International Herald Tribune. 29/03/2009. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  23. ^ Voix de l'Amérique: l'AIEA El Baradei chef ne cherchera pas un autre terme [ lien mort ]
  24. ^ "5-Vote impasse rouvre la course à la tête de chien de garde atome de l'ONU" . Reuters. 27/03/2009. Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  25. ^ de Nesera, André (Février 2, 2011). Voix de
  26. ^ Pleming, Sue (Septembre 19, 2007). "Riz glisse à l'AIEA, réclame une action audacieuse contre l'Iran" . Rueters.
  27. ^ Follach, Erich (Juillet 12, 2010). "Entretien avec Mohamed ElBaradei" . Der Spiegel.
  28. ^ "ancien chef de l'AIEA suggère la sonde en Irak crime de guerre de l'administration Bush." ​​AP, 22 avril 2011.
  29. ^ "Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique: Mise en œuvre de garanties TNP de l'Accord dans la République islamique d'Iran (2006-14)" (PDF). Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  30. ^ "Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique: Conseil de sécurité: la Résolution 1747 (2007)" (PDF). Récupérée 22/03/2011.
  31. ^ a b “”XinhuaNet”: Non-aligned nations voice support deal between IAEA, Iran” . News.xinhuanet.com. 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  32. ^ “Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Report Of The IAEA Director-General to the Board of Governors GOV/2008/15″ (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  33. ^ “Transcript of Interview with IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei” . CNN Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. 28 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  34. ^ Realpolitik for Iran
  35. ^ “Israel seen undermining disarmament ElBaradei” . Reuters. 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  36. ^ Der Spiegel : Interview with Mohamed ElBaradei, 12 July 2010 . Accessed 15 July 2010.
  37. ^ Pleming, Sue (2007-09-19). “Rice: ElBaradei “muddying the message” and Agency “not in the business of diplomacy”" . Reuters. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  38. ^ “Arms Control Association: “Tackling the Nuclear Dilemma: An Interview With IAEA Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei”" . Armscontrol.org. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  39. ^ US State Department: Remarks With International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Mohamed ElBaradei After Meeting
  40. ^ Jerusalem Post : IAEA, ElBaradei share Nobel Peace Prize
  41. ^ “Israel minister: Sack ElBaradei” . Nouvelles de BBC. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  42. ^ France warning of war with Iran
  43. ^ IAEA boss warns against Iran attack UK Press Google, accessed September 22, 2007.
  44. ^ ElBaradei concerned over Iran row , BBC News , Sep. 17, 2007
  45. ^ PressTV : ElBaradei: Iran not after bomb
  46. ^ Atlantic Free Press : Threats of War Against Iran Continue to Escalate
  47. ^ PressTV : Soltaniyeh: Nothing new in ElBaradei's report
  48. ^ France24 : ElBaradei: 'No evidence Iran is making nuclear weapons'
  49. ^ Tehran Times : ElBaradei says Iran's nuclear program is legal: report
  50. ^ Mehr News : ElBaradei says Iran's nuclear program is legal: report
  51. ^ Asia Times : IAEA 'mismanagement' raises Tehran's ire
  52. ^ South African Government: Notes following briefing by Deputy Minister Aziz Pahad on current international issues, Union Building, Pretoria – Iran
  53. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2003-10-16). “Towards a Safer World” . The Economist . Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  54. ^ American Society of International Law: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Taking Stock after the May 2008 Preparatory Committee Meeting ?
  55. ^ “IAEA Nobel Peace Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund” . IAEA . Mai 2006. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  56. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2008-09-29). “IAEA At a Crossroads (Abridged Version)” . IAEA . Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  57. ^ Crisis Group's Board of Trustees – International Crisis Group
  58. ^ “Nonproliferation & Arms Control : Challenges & Opportunities” . Harvard University Institute of Politics. 2005-11-01. Récupérée 24/03/2011.
  59. ^ Memmott, Mark (2011-01-27). “ElBaradei Back In Egypt; Says It's Time For A New Government” . NPR. Récupérée 24/03/2011.
  60. ^ AP (2010-02-01). “Five People Killed During Protests in Egypt” . FoxNews.com. Récupérée 24/03/2011.
  61. ^ Mubarak Faces His Biggest Challenge Amid Nationwide Protests
  62. ^ Thousands in Cairo defy curfew
  63. ^ ElBaradei's speech on Tahrir Square
  64. ^ “Video – Breaking News Videos from” . CNN.com. 2010-07-16. Récupérée 24/03/2011.
  65. ^ Kevin Connolly (2011-01-31). “Egypt protesters step up pressure on Hosni Mubarak” . Nouvelles de BBC. Récupérée 24/03/2011.
  66. ^ “Egyptian opposition wants ElBaradei to run for president” . Tehran Times . October 8, 2009.
  67. ^ “El Baradei to run for president of Egypt?” . Daily Times . October 7, 2009.
  68. ^ “Arab League chief refuses to rule out Egypt presidential bid” . Earth Times . October 20, 2009.
  69. ^ ElBaradei to form 'national association for change'
  70. ^ “البرادعي يعلن ترشحه للرئاسة” . Masrawy.com. 2011-03-07. Récupérée 24/03/2011.
  71. ^ The Nobel Foundation: Mohamed ElBaradei, The Nobel Peace Prize 2005
  72. ^ Peoples Daily : Int'l community hails IAEA, ElBaradei's winning of Nobel Peace Prize
  73. ^ “Der Bundespräsident / “Visionär für eine Menschheitsfamilie” – Ansprache von Bundespräsident Horst Köhler anlässlich der Verleihung des Großen Verdien” . www.bundespraesident.de. 2010-03-03. Récupérée 24/03/2011.
  74. ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award Laureates since 1982
  75. ^ a b Yale University: ElBaradei Will Speak at Yale
  76. ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: ElBaradei Remarks at Georgetown University
  77. ^ MPAC: Dr. Mohamed Elbaradei to be Presented with MPAC's Human Security Award
  78. ^ Arrivée de Graça Machel au Comité d'attribution du Prix Mo Ibrahim
  79. ^ a b Amherst: Amherst College To Honor Atomic Agency Head, Princeton President and Five Others at Commencement May 25
  80. ^ University Philosophical Society: Honorary Patrons
  81. ^ World Nuclear University: Inaugural Ceremony of the World Nuclear University – Part Two
  82. ^ Center za mir: “Centar za mir – Mostar”
  83. ^ ZERO NUCLEAR'S FOUR STATESMEN, ELBARADEI TO BE HONORED
  84. ^ Richard Erdman and the EastWest Institute: Statesman of the Year Award
  85. ^ Entrega del IV Premio Sevilla-Nodo
  86. ^ Indian Express : ElBaradei chosen for Indira Gandhi Peace Prize
  87. ^ University of Georgia: 2009 Delta Prize Recipient
  88. ^ IAEA: Biography of Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei

[ edit ] External links

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Articles

[ edit ] Nomination of ElBaradei

Les postes diplomatiques
Précédé par
Hans Blix		Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency
1997–2009		Suivi par
Yukiya Amano
Prix ​​et distinctions
Précédé par
Wangari Maathai		Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
2005
Served alongside: International Atomic Energy Agency		Suivi par
Muhammad Yunus
Suivi par
Grameen Bank
[ show ] v · d · e
[ show ] v · d · e
[ show ] v · d · e
Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize (2001–2025)
[ show ] v · d · e
2005 Nobel Prize laureates
Voir la page notes
Noter cette page
Digne de confiance
Objectif
Remplissez
Bien écrit
The Age of Deception
Nuclear Diplomacy in Treacherous Times
Mohamed ElBaradei
Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company New York
ISBN 978-0-8050-9350-6
"Mohamed ElBaradei is one of the genuinely great leaders of his generation."
Graham T Allison,
Douglas Dillon Professor of Government and Director of
The Belfr Center for Science and International Affairs,
John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
"Mohamed  ElBaradei has spoken eloquently about global
efforts at poverty reduction and conflict resolution
and has shown a deep understanding of the intrinsic
links between peace, disarmament and development...
We honor with this award a very distinguished diplomat,
a scholar, an international civil servant of the highest
order and a world statesman."
Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh,
2008 Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Citation
Book Review:
Mohamed ElBaradei was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize of 2005.
He is best known as The Director General ofThe International
Atomic Agency, (IAEA) the Agency capable of creating furoe
over their (disposable) finding over Iran's Nuclear Research
(yet to be proven beyond the shadow of doubt) in an atomic
weapon.
Much have been written, commented upon and discussed in
western (influenced by mighty Pentagon/CIA/White House)
propaganda mills, churning out most childish, jingoistic
filthy and characteristic, Oops, caricaturesque style.
Some from yours truly, I admit. There goes my only chance
to be a "Man of the Year," picture on Time. Oh well.
I ain't dead yet, I think.
Now, why would I mess around such a dignitary as
Mohamed ElBaradei?
Good question.
My answer is, "Because."
I have been chasing this monster, "America's Malnutrion,
Oops, Maladroit, Oops, Malafide penchant for going
berserk over their paranoia about (Muslim) terrorism.
Prove me wrong. I dare you. George H W Bush, a nice man
accoding to some GOP Think-Tankers with blinkers on
all of a sudden, wakes up, yelling and screaming in his
silk pajamas and raises Hell.
Now a president of these You Knighted (mental) States of
(conservative) America is supposed to have a nice and
peaceful sleep, after a days (hard) work. A dreamless
sleep. As he has already made plans for his Presidential
Library in his hometown, with a little help from his
(monetary and military) admirers and porters, Oops,
supporters, with an eye for a little pardon at the last
hour of presidency.
Why go all over an ocean, the big one, Atlantic and
start search for Weapons of Mass Destruction, WMD
under the Palace bed of a (Muslim) dictator, of all
the places in godforsaken EyeRack?
Mohamed thought it was a wild goose chase. So do I.
Let me quote the book:
"Conclusion: The Quest for Human Security" (Page 314)
"The change that took place in mid-1009 is without
recedent. To an audience whose customary window onto
such goings-on consistes of the Washington Post or
The Financial Times...."
No wonder I like my Main man, Mohamed ElBaradei.
May Allah be praised, (PBUH)
...and I am Sid Harth@sidileaks.net

Mohamed ElBaradei

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mohamed ElBaradei
محمد البرادعى
Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency
In office
1 December 1997 – 30 November 2009
Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan
Ban Ki-moon
Preceded byHans Blix
Succeeded byYukiya Amano
Personal details
Born17 June 1942 (age 69)
Cairo, Egypt
Alma materCairo University
Graduate Institute of International Studies
New York University
ProfessionScholar, Diplomat, Activist
ReligionIslam[1][2]
WebsiteOfficial website
Mohamed Mustafa ElBaradei (Arabic: محمد مصطفى البرادعى‎, Muḥammad Muṣṭafā al-Barādʿī, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmmæd mosˈtˤɑfɑ (ʔe)lbæˈɾædʕi]; born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat. He was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an inter-governmental organisation under the auspices of the United Nations, from December 1997 to November 2009. ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. ElBaradei was also an important figure in the 2011 Egyptian revolution which ousted the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Family and personal life

ElBaradei was born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. He was one of five children of Mostafa ElBaradei, an attorney who headed the Egyptian Bar Association and often found himself at odds with the regime of President Gamal Abdel Nasser. ElBaradei's father was also a supporter of democratic rights in Egypt, supporting a free press and an independent judiciary.[3]
ElBaradei is married to Aida El-Kachef, an early-childhood teacher. They have two children: a daughter, Laila, who is a lawyer living in London; and a son, Mostafa, who is an IT manager living in Cairo. They also have one granddaughter, Maya.[4]
ElBaradei speaks Arabic, English, and French, and knows “enough German to get by, at least in Vienna.”[5]

[edit] Early career

ElBaradei earned a bachelor's degree in law from the University of Cairo in 1962, a master's degree in international law at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, and a J.S.D.[6][7] in International Law at the New York University School of Law in 1974.
His diplomatic career began in 1964 in the Ministry of External Affairs, where he served in the Permanent Missions of Egypt to the United Nations in New York and in Geneva, in charge of political, legal, and arms-control issues. From 1974 to 1978, he was a special assistant to the foreign minister. In 1980, he became a senior fellow in charge of the International Law Program at the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. From 1981 to 1987, he was also an adjunct professor of international law at the New York University School of Law.
In 1984, ElBaradei became a senior staff member of the IAEA Secretariat, serving as the agency's legal adviser (1984 to 1993) and Assistant Director General for External Relations (1993 to 1997).
ElBaradei is currently a member of both the International Law Association and the American Society of International Law.

[edit] Public career as IAEA Director General

ElBaradei began to serve as Director General of the IAEA, which is based in Vienna, on December 1, 1997, succeeding Hans Blix of Sweden.[8][9] He was re-elected for two more four-year terms in 2001 and in 2005. His third and last term ended in November 2009. ElBaradei's tenure has been marked by high-profile, non-proliferation issues, which include the inspections in Iraq preceding the March 2003 invasion and tensions over the nuclear program of Iran.

[edit] First term as Director General

After being appointed by the IAEA General Conference in 1997, ElBaradei said in his speech that, “for international organizations to enjoy the confidence and support of their members, they have to be responsive to [members'] needs; show concrete achievements; conduct their activities in a cost-effective manner; and respect a process of equitable representation, transparency, and open dialogue.”[10]
Just a couple of months before ElBaradei took office, the Model Additional Protocol was adopted, creating a new environment for IAEA verification by giving it greater authority to look for undeclared nuclear activities. When in office, Elbaradei launched a program to establish “integrated safeguards” combining the IAEA’s comprehensive safeguard agreements with the newly adopted Additional Protocol. In his statement to the General Conference in 1998, he called upon all states to conclude the Additional Protocol: “One of the main purposes of the strengthened-safeguards system can be better achieved with global adherence. I would, therefore, urge all states with outstanding-safeguards agreements to conclude them, and I would also urge all states to accelerate their consideration of the Model Additional Protocol and enter into consultations with the Agency at the earliest possible opportunity. We should work together to ensure that, by the year 2000, all states [will] have concluded outstanding-safeguards agreements and also the Additional Protocol.” Elbaradei repeated this call through his years as the Director General of the IAEA. In November 2009, 93 countries had Additional Protocols in force.[11]
ElBaradei’s first term ended in November 2001, just two months after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. These attacks made clear that more needed to be done to protect nuclear material and installations from theft or a terrorist attack. Consequently, ElBaradei established a nuclear security program to combat the risk of nuclear terrorism by assisting member states to strengthen the protection of their nuclear and radioactive material and installations, the Nuclear Security Fund.[12]

[edit] Second term as Director General

One of the major issues during ElBaradei’s second term as the director general of the IAEA was the agency’s inspections in Iraq. ElBaradei disputed the U.S. rationale for the 2003 invasion of Iraq from the time of the 2002 Iraq disarmament crisis, when he, along with Hans Blix, led a team of UN weapons inspectors in Iraq. ElBaradei told the UN Security Council in March 2003 that documents purporting to show that Iraq had tried to acquire uranium from Niger were not authentic.
ElBaradei described the U.S. invasion of Iraq as "a glaring example of how, in many cases, the use of force exacerbates the problem rather than [solves] it."[13] ElBaradei further stated that "we learned from Iraq that an inspection takes time, that we should be patient, that an inspection can, in fact, work,"[14] and that he had "been validated" in concluding that Saddam Hussein had not revived his nuclear weapons program.[15]
In a 2004 op-ed piece on the dangers of nuclear proliferation, in the New York Times (February 12, 2004), ElBaradei stated that "[w]e must abandon the unworkable notion that it is morally reprehensible for some countries to pursue weapons of mass destruction, yet morally acceptable for others to rely on them for security -- and indeed to continue to refine their capacities and postulate plans for their use."[16] He went on to say "If the world does not change course, we risk self-destruction."

[edit] Third and final term as Director General

The United States initially voiced opposition to his election to a third four-year term in 2005.[17] In a May 2005 interview with the staff of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Lawrence Wilkerson, the chief of staff to former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, charged former Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security John Bolton with an underhanded campaign to unseat ElBaradei.[18] “Mr. Bolton overstepped his bounds in his moves and gyrations to try to keep [ElBaradei] from being reappointed as [IAEA] head,” Wilkerson said. The Washington Post reported in December 2004 that the Bush administration had intercepted dozens of ElBaradei’s phone calls with Iranian diplomats and was scrutinizing them for evidence [that] they could use to force him out.[18] IAEA spokesman Mark Gwozdecky said the agency worked on "the assumption that one or more entities may be listening to our conversations." "It's not how we would prefer to work, but it is the reality. At the end of the day, we have nothing to hide," he said. Iran responded to the Washington Post reports by accusing the U.S. of violating international law in intercepting the communications.[19]
The United States was the only country to oppose ElBaradei's reappointment and eventually failed to win enough support from other countries to oust ElBaradei. On June 9, 2005, after a meeting between U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and ElBaradei, the United States dropped its objections. Among countries that supported Elbaradei were China, Russia, Germany, and France. China praised his leadership and objectivity,[17] and supported him for doing "substantial fruitful work, which has maintained the agency's role and credit in international non-proliferation and promoted the development of peaceful use of nuclear energy. His work has been universally recognized in the international community. China appreciates Mr. El Baradei's work and supports his reelection as the agency's director general."[20] France, Germany, and some developing countries, have made clear their support for ElBaradei as well.[18] Russia issued a strong statement in favor of re-electing him as soon as possible.
ElBaradei was unanimously re-appointed by the IAEA board on June 13, 2005.[21]

[edit] Comments on no fourth term

In 2008, ElBaradei said that he would not be seeking a fourth term as director general.[22] Moreover, he said, in an IAEA document,that he was "not available for a further term" in office.[23] In its first five rounds of voting, the IAEA Board of Governors was split in its decision regarding the next director general. ElBaradei said, "I just hope that the agency has a candidate acceptable to all--north, south, east, west--because that is what is needed."[24] After several rounds of voting, on July 3, 2009, Mr. Yukiya Amano, Japanese ambassador to the IAEA, was elected as the next IAEA director general.

[edit] ElBaradei and U.S. Relations

Mohamed ElBaradei, leader of the National Coalition for Change, has been a major voice for democratic change in Egypt since 2009 and was a significant leader during the recent protests.[25] However, he has a rocky history with the U.S. government and supports some policies that do not support current U.S. foreign policy towards stability in the Middle East. ElBaradei was the Director General of the IAEA from 1997–2009. During his three terms, he repeatedly downplayed claims of possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program, which undermined U.S. efforts to press Iran over its safeguards violations.[26] According to a July 3, 2003 article in Time Magazine, ElBaradei also maintained that Iraq's nuclear program had not restarted before the 2003 Iraq War, contradicting claims by the Bush Administration. He told the German news magazine Der Spiegel on July 12, 2010 that he wanted to open the Gaza Strip – Egypt border and accused Israel of being the biggest threat to the Middle East because of their nuclear weapons.[27]
ElBaradei has called for international criminal investigation of former Bush regime officials for their roles in fomenting the war on Iraq.[28]

[edit] Role in addressing the nuclear program of Iran

In his last speech to the IAEA Board of Governors in June 2009, ElBaradei stated that “the agency has been able to continue to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran." He regretted, however, that "Iran has not implemented any of the measures called for by the Security Council and by the Agency's Board of Governors.” ElBaradei also said that he was encouraged “by the new initiative of the United States to engage the Islamic Republic of Iran in direct dialogue, without preconditions and on the basis of mutual respect” and expressed hope “that Iran will respond to the US initiative with an equal gesture of goodwill and trust building.” This gesture “could include implementing again the agency's design-information requirements and applying the provisions of the additional protocol.”
The IAEA Board of Governors and UN Security Council have commended ElBaradei for "professional and impartial efforts" to resolve all outstanding issues with Iran.[29][30] The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) has also reiterated "its full confidence in the impartiality and professionalism of the Secretariat of the IAEA."[31][32]

[edit] Statements to the media

In an interview with CNN in May 2007, ElBaradei gave one of his sternest warnings against using military action against Iran, a state signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Referring to "the extreme people who have extreme views" he said that "you do not want to give additional argument to some of the 'new crazies' who want to say let us go and bomb Iran."[33]
The New York Times columnist Roger Cohen interviewed ElBaradei in April 2009. ElBaradei is quoted as saying, “Israel would be utterly crazy to attack Iran." He states that an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities would "turn the region into a ball of fire and put Iran on a crash course for nuclear weapons with the support of the whole Muslim world.”[34] ElBaradei believes that the nuclear non-proliferation regime has "lost its legitimacy in the eyes of Arab public opinion because of the perceived double standard" in relation to Israel's nuclear-weapons' program.[35]
In an interview with French newspaper, Le Monde, ElBaradei said that he wants "to get people away from the idea that Iran will be a threat from tomorrow and that we are faced right now with the issue of whether Iran should be bombed or allowed to have the bomb. We are not at all in that situation. Iraq is a glaring example of how, in many cases, the use of force exacerbates the problem rather than [solves] it."[13]
In an interview published on July 12, 2010, in the German magazine Der Spiegel, ElBaradei said "I do not believe that the Iranians are actually producing nuclear weapons. . . .[I]n general, the danger of a nuclear-armed Iran is overestimated; some even play it up intentionally.[36]

[edit] Reactions to Elbaradei's role in addressing the nuclear program of Iran

Former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has indirectly criticized ElBaradei for "muddying the message" to Iran and has also said that "the IAEA is not in the business of diplomacy. The IAEA is a technical agency that has a board of governors of which the United States is a member." In response to Rice's comments, a senior official from the agency said that "the IAEA is only doing now what the U.N. Security Council asked us to do."[37] ElBaradei notes that Rice said that, "from the U.S. perspective, I served with distinction,",[38] and Rice has further said that she appreciated his "stewardship of the nonproliferation regime."[39]
Former prime minister and current president of Israel, Shimon Peres, has said that "there are holes in the (IAEA) apparatus for deterring a culture of nuclear weapons, as in the case with Iran, but the agency certainly has done much in the prevention of nuclear weapons from reaching dangerous hands."[40] In a different reaction, former Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Shaul Mofaz has called for ElBaradei to be impeached.[41]
In September 2007, French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner, warned about the potential dangers of a nuclear Iran. He stated that "we have to prepare for the worst, and the worst is war."[42] In response to Kouchner, ElBaredei characterized talk of attacking Iran as "hype", and dismissed the notion of a possible attack on Iran. He referred to the war in Iraq, where "70,000 innocent civilians have lost their lives on the suspicion that a country has nuclear weapons."[43] He further added "I do not believe at this stage that we are facing a clear and present danger that requires [that] we go beyond diplomacy."[44]
Iran points out that ElBaradei has highlighted the lack of evidence that Iran is after a nuclear bomb[45][46] and has stated that Iran is meeting its obligations to allow inspectors into its nuclear sites. Iran further states that the IAEA chief has consistently verified non-diversion in Iran's nuclear program and has said that his investigations show no military aspect in Iran's program.[47][48] According to the Tehran Times political desk, ElBaradei has reaffirmed in December 2008 that Iran's nuclear activities are "legal".[49][50]
Dr. Kaveh L Afrasiabi, the author of After Khomeini: New Directions in Iran's Foreign Policy, said that ElBaradei has been downplaying Iran's cooperation for some time, a statement which is raising the ire of Tehran. Afrasiabi further says that ElBaradei has given himself "the license to speculate on the timeline when Iran could convert its peaceful nuclear work into weaponization," which is irresponsible and inconsistent with his statements on other states.[51]
ElBaradei and Colin Powell
The NAM has also reiterated "its full confidence in the impartiality and professionalism of the Secretariat of the IAEA." "[The] NAM recognizes the IAEA as the sole competent authority for verification and expresses its full confidence in the professionalism and impartiality of the IAEA. In this regard, [the] NAM strongly believes that all issues on safeguards and verification, including those of Iran, should be resolved only by the agency, within its framework, and be based on technical and legal grounds," the NAM said in another statement.[31][52]

[edit] Multinational control of the nuclear fuel cycle

In an op-ed that he wrote for the Economist in 2003, ElBaradei outlined his idea for the future of the nuclear fuel cycle. His suggestion was to “limit the processing of weapon-usable material in civilian nuclear programs, as well as the production of new material, by agreeing to restrict these operations exclusively to facilities under multinational control.” Also, “nuclear-energy systems should be deployed that, by design, avoid the use of materials that may be applied directly to making nuclear weapons.” He concluded by saying that “considerable advantages would be gained from international co-operation in these stages of the nuclear-fuel cycle. These initiatives would not simply add more non-proliferation controls, to limit access to weapon-usable nuclear material; they would also provide access to the benefits of nuclear technology for more people in more countries.”[53]
Non-nuclear-weapon states have been reluctant to embrace these proposals due to a perception that the commercial or strategic interests of nuclear-weapon states motivate the proposals, a perception that the proposals produce a dependency on a limited number of nuclear fuel suppliers, and a concern that the proposal restricts their unalienable right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.[54]

[edit] Technical cooperation and cancer control

ElBaradei’s work does not only concentrate on nuclear verification. Another very important aspect is development through nuclear technology. In 2004, ElBaradei sponsored a comprehensive global initiative—the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT)--to fight cancer. In one of his statements, Elbaradei said: “A silent crisis in cancer treatment persists in developing countries and is intensifying every year. At least 50 to 60 percent of cancer victims can benefit from radiotherapy, but most developing countries do not have enough radiotherapy machines or sufficient numbers of specialized doctors and other health professionals.” In the first year of operation, PACT provided cancer-treatment capacity in seven member states, using the IAEA's share of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize.[55]
In his speech to the 2008 General Conference, ElBaradei said that “development activities remain central to our work. Our resources have long been insufficient to keep pace with requests for support, and we have increasingly made use of partnerships with other organizations, regional collaborations and country-to-country support. I again emphasise that technical cooperation is not a bargaining chip, part of a political 'balance' between the development and safeguards activities of the agency.”[56]

[edit] International Crisis Group

ElBaradei served on the Board of Trustees of the International Crisis Group, a non-governmental organization that enjoys an annual budget of over $15 million and is bankrolled by the Carnegie, the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as George Soros’ Open Society Institute. Soros himself serves as a member of the organization’s Executive Committee.[57]

[edit] Egyptian politics

[edit] 2011 Egyptian revolution

Mohammed ElBaradei during Friday of Anger
While speaking at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government on April 27, 2010, ElBaradei joked that he is "looking for a job" and is seeking to be an "agent of change and an advocate for democracy" within Egyptian politics. He also made clear that his wife is not very enthusiastic about any potential run.[58]
On January 27, 2011, ElBaradei returned to Egypt amid ongoing turmoil, with the largest mass protests in 30 years, which had begun two days earlier, on January 25, 2011. ElBaradei declared himself ready to lead a transitional government if that was the will of the nation, saying that, "If [people] want me to lead the transition, I will not let them down."[59] Subsequently, "when he joined protesters Friday after noon prayers, police fired water cannons at him and his supporters. They used batons to beat some of ElBaradei's supporters, who surrounded him to protect him."[60] On January 28, 2011, ElBaradei was reported to have been placed under house arrest in Egypt.[61] However, the next day, when he was interviewed by Al Jazeera, he said that he was unaware of any such arrest.[62]
Later on, ElBaradei arrived in Tahrir Square to join thousands of other protesters against the Mubarak regime and spoke directly to the people, stating that they "have taken back [their] rights" and that they cannot go back. A number of Egyptian political movements have called on ElBaradei to form a transitional government.[63] ElBaradei has also stated that "the people [of Egypt] want the regime to fall." In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new vice president of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power. I think [that] it is loud and clear...that Mubarak has to leave today." Additionally, ElBaradei restated his position that, when Egypt does become a democratic nation, "there is no reason to believe that a democracy in Egypt would not lead to a better relationship with the US based on respect and equity."[64]
The Guardian reported that ElBaradei has been mandated by the Muslim Brotherhood and four other opposition groups to negotiate an interim "national salvation government." However, BBC reports that the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition party banned by Mubarak's regime, has not consented to the choice of ElBaradei as the representative of the opposition. "The people have not appointed Mohamed ElBaradei to become a spokesman of them. The Muslim Brotherhood is much stronger than Mohamed ElBaradei as a person. And we do not agree [that he should represent] this movement. The movement is represented by itself, and it will [appoint] a committee. . .to [delegate its representatives]."[65]
His appointment is controversial largely because of the long periods that he has spent outside the country. His appointment is seen as a recognition of the importance of various Western nations' support of the revolts.

[edit] Possible presidential candidacy

ElBaradei's name has been circulated by opposition groups since 2009 as a possible candidate to succeed President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt's highest executive position.[66][67][68]
ElBaradei did not make any clear statements regarding his intentions to run for the office; however, he has demanded that certain conditions be met to ensure fair elections accompanied by changes to the constitution that will allow more freedom for independent candidates before he would actually consider running for the presidency. Several opposition groups have endorsed him, considering him a neutral figure who could transition the country to greater democracy.
On February 24, 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellectuals at his home in Cairo. The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called the "National Association for Change." The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainly article 76 of the Egyptian constitution, which places restrictions on free presidential elections, especially when it comes to independent candidates. The banned political group, the Muslim Brotherhood, was represented at the meeting by one of its key figures; however, its stand in accepting a non-member of its group as a representative is still unclear. It is also unknown whether Amr Moussa, the head of the Arab League who met with ElBaradei a day earlier, will be part of the new movement.[69]
On March 7, 2011 it was announced that Elbaradei intended to run for the presidential elections, this intention was later clearly stated in a live interview by ElBaradei to the ON TV channel March 10, 2011.[70]

[edit] Awards

During his tenure as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, ElBaradei has been recognized with many awards for his efforts to ensure that nuclear energy is used for peaceful purposes.

[edit] 2005 Nobel Peace Prize

On October 7, 2005, ElBaradei and the IAEA were announced as joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize for their "efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy, for peaceful purposes, is used in the safest possible way." ElBaradei donated all of his winnings to building orphanages in Cairo. The IAEA's winnings are being spent to train scientists from developing countries to use nuclear techniques in combating cancer and malnutrition. ElBaradei is the fourth Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, following Anwar Sadat (1978 in Peace), Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature), and Ahmed Zewail (1999 in Chemistry).
In his Nobel lecture, ElBaradei said that the changing landscape of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament may be defined by the emergence of an extensive black market in nuclear material and equipment, the proliferation of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology, and the stagnation in nuclear disarmament. To combat proliferation, ElBaradei has suggested keeping nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups, tightening control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used in weapons, and accelerating disarmament efforts.[71] ElBaradei also stated that only one percent of the money spent to develop new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world and that, if we hope to escape self destruction, nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience and no role in our security.
United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan said that he was delighted that the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize had been awarded to the UN nuclear watchdog and its head, ElBaradei. "The secretary general congratulates him and the entire staff of the agency, past and present, on their contributions to global peace," a spokesman for Annan said.[72]

[edit] Other awards and recognition

ElBaradei in the 45th Munich Security Conference 2009
ElBaradei has received many awards for his work as director of the IAEA:
ElBaradei has also received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Dublin, Trinity College; New York University; the University of Maryland; the American University in Cairo; the Free Mediterranean University (LUM) in Bari, Italy; Soka University of Japan; Tsinghua University of Beijing; the Polytechnic University of Bucharest; the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid; Konkuk University in Seoul; the University of Florence; the University of Buenos Aires; the National University of Cuyo in Argentina; Amherst College and Cairo University.[88]
He is also a member of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation’s Ibrahim Prize Committee.

[edit] See Also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Jahn, George (30 November 2009), “Outgoing IAEA chief leaves complex legacy,” Associated Press, accessed 5 February 2011 on msnbc.com.
    ElBaradei, who describes himself as having a Muslim background, sometimes cites his favorite Christian prayer when speaking of his role on the world stage.
  2. ^ "History -- Muslim Public Affairs Council (October 2006: MPAC presents inaugural "Human Security Award" to Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, head of the International Atomic Energy Agency.)". Muslim Public Affairs Council. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  3. ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei". Notable Biographies. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  4. ^ a b "Director General ElBaradei's Biography". International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  5. ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei Interview—Nobel Prize for Peace". The American Academy of Achievement. 3 June 2006. p. 2. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  6. ^ Julius Library Catalog at NYU Law (entry for Mohamed El Baradei, “The right of passage through straits in time of peace [microform] / by Mohamed M. El-Baradei,” Thesis (S.J.D.)--New York University, 1974, accessed 4 February 2011), http://julius.law.nyu.edu/record=b418078~S0.
  7. ^ N.Y.U. L. Rev. 60 (index): i--x (front matter). 1985. Google search result.
  8. ^ Austria (2005-06-13). "IAEA Board Reappoints Director General Mohamed ElBaradei". Iaea.org. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  9. ^ Austria (2009-03-26). "Board Meeting on Director General Appointment". IAEA. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  10. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (1997-09-29). "Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols". IAEA. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  11. ^ "Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols". IAEA. 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  12. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2005-09-23). "Nuclear Security - Measures to Protect Against Nuclear Terrorism". IAEA. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  13. ^ a b Boyle, Jon (October 22, 2007). "Iran seen to need 3-8 yrs to produce bomb". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  14. ^ "Iraq war wasn't justified, U.N. weapons experts say". CNN. 2004-03-21. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  15. ^ Lynch, Colum; Linzer, Dafna (2004-11-02). "U.N. Nuclear Agency Chief Urges Iran to Suspend Activities". Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  16. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2004-12-02). "Saving Ourselves from Self Destruction". IAEA. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  17. ^ a b Voice of America: IAEA Postpones Decision on ElBaradei's Third Term[dead link]
  18. ^ a b c "ElBaradei Set to Win Third Term". Arms Control Today. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  19. ^ "ElBaradei 'has nothing to hide'". BBC News. 2004-12-13. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  20. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's Press Conference on 16 December 2004". China-botschaft.de. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  21. ^ "US agrees to back UN nuclear head". BBC News. 9 June 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  22. ^ "IAEA chief ElBaradei will not seek fourth term". International Herald Tribune. 2009-03-29. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  23. ^ Voice of America: IAEA Chief ElBaradei Will Not Seek Another Term[dead link]
  24. ^ "5-Vote impasse reopens race to head UN atom watchdog". Reuters. 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  25. ^ de Nesera, Andre (February 2, 2011). Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Former-Egyptian-Diplomat-ElBaradei-Face-of-Opposition-to-President-Mubarak-115126994.html.
  26. ^ Pleming, Sue (September 19, 2007). "Rice swipes at IAEA, urges bold action on Iran". Rueters.
  27. ^ Follach, Erich (July 12, 2010). "Interview with Mohammed ElBaradei". Der Spiegel.
  28. ^ "Former IAEA head suggests Iraq war crime probe of Bush administration." AP, 22 April 2011.
  29. ^ "International Atomic Energy Agency: Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran (2006-14)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  30. ^ "International Atomic Energy Agency: UN Security Council: Resolution 1747 (2007)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  31. ^ a b "''XinhuaNet'': Non-aligned nations voice support deal between IAEA, Iran". News.xinhuanet.com. 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  32. ^ "Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Report Of The IAEA Director-General to the Board of Governors GOV/2008/15" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  33. ^ "Transcript of Interview with IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei". CNN Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. 28 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  34. ^ Realpolitik for Iran
  35. ^ "Israel seen undermining disarmament ElBaradei". Reuters. 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  36. ^ Der Spiegel: Interview with Mohamed ElBaradei, 12 July 2010. Accessed 15 July 2010.
  37. ^ Pleming, Sue (2007-09-19). "Rice: ElBaradei "muddying the message" and Agency "not in the business of diplomacy"". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  38. ^ "Arms Control Association: "Tackling the Nuclear Dilemma: An Interview With IAEA Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei"". Armscontrol.org. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  39. ^ U.S. State Department: Remarks With International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Mohamed ElBaradei After Meeting
  40. ^ Jerusalem Post: IAEA, ElBaradei share Nobel Peace Prize
  41. ^ "Israel minister: Sack ElBaradei". BBC News. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  42. ^ France warning of war with Iran
  43. ^ IAEA boss warns against Iran attack UK Press Google, accessed September 22, 2007.
  44. ^ ElBaradei concerned over Iran row, BBC News, Sep. 17, 2007
  45. ^ PressTV: ElBaradei: Iran not after bomb
  46. ^ Atlantic Free Press: Threats of War Against Iran Continue to Escalate
  47. ^ PressTV: Soltaniyeh: Nothing new in ElBaradei's report
  48. ^ France24: ElBaradei: 'No evidence Iran is making nuclear weapons'
  49. ^ Tehran Times: ElBaradei says Iran’s nuclear program is legal: report
  50. ^ Mehr News: ElBaradei says Iran’s nuclear program is legal: report
  51. ^ Asia Times: IAEA 'mismanagement' raises Tehran's ire
  52. ^ South African Government: Notes following briefing by Deputy Minister Aziz Pahad on current international issues, Union Building, Pretoria - Iran
  53. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2003-10-16). "Towards a Safer World". The Economist. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  54. ^ American Society of International Law: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Taking Stock after the May 2008 Preparatory Committee Meeting ?
  55. ^ "IAEA Nobel Peace Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund". IAEA. May 2006. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  56. ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2008-09-29). "IAEA At a Crossroads (Abridged Version)". IAEA. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  57. ^ Crisis Group's Board of Trustees - International Crisis Group
  58. ^ "Nonproliferation & Arms Control : Challenges & Opportunities". Harvard University Institute of Politics. 2005-11-01. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  59. ^ Memmott, Mark (2011-01-27). "ElBaradei Back In Egypt; Says It's Time For A New Government". NPR. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  60. ^ AP (2010-02-01). "Five People Killed During Protests in Egypt". FoxNews.com. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  61. ^ Mubarak Faces His Biggest Challenge Amid Nationwide Protests
  62. ^ Thousands in Cairo defy curfew
  63. ^ ElBaradei's speech on Tahrir Square
  64. ^ "Video - Breaking News Videos from". CNN.com. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  65. ^ Kevin Connolly (2011-01-31). "Egypt protesters step up pressure on Hosni Mubarak". BBC News. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  66. ^ "Egyptian opposition wants ElBaradei to run for president". Tehran Times. October 8, 2009.
  67. ^ "El Baradei to run for president of Egypt?". Daily Times. October 7, 2009.
  68. ^ "Arab League chief refuses to rule out Egypt presidential bid". Earth Times. October 20, 2009.
  69. ^ ElBaradei to form 'national association for change'
  70. ^ "البرادعي يعلن ترشحه للرئاسة". Masrawy.com. 2011-03-07. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  71. ^ The Nobel Foundation: Mohamed ElBaradei, The Nobel Peace Prize 2005
  72. ^ Peoples Daily: Int'l community hails IAEA, ElBaradei's winning of Nobel Peace Prize
  73. ^ "Der Bundespräsident / "Visionär für eine Menschheitsfamilie" - Ansprache von Bundespräsident Horst Köhler anlässlich der Verleihung des Großen Verdien". www.bundespraesident.de. 2010-03-03. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  74. ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award Laureates since 1982
  75. ^ a b Yale University: ElBaradei Will Speak at Yale
  76. ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: ElBaradei Remarks at Georgetown University
  77. ^ MPAC: Dr. Mohamed Elbaradei to be Presented with MPAC's Human Security Award
  78. ^ Arrivée de Graça Machel au Comité d’attribution du Prix Mo Ibrahim
  79. ^ a b Amherst: Amherst College To Honor Atomic Agency Head, Princeton President and Five Others at Commencement May 25
  80. ^ University Philosophical Society: Honorary Patrons
  81. ^ World Nuclear University: Inaugural Ceremony of the World Nuclear University - Part Two
  82. ^ Center za mir: "Centar za mir - Mostar"
  83. ^ ZERO NUCLEAR'S FOUR STATESMEN, ELBARADEI TO BE HONORED
  84. ^ Richard Erdman and the EastWest Institute: Statesman of the Year Award
  85. ^ Entrega del IV Premio Sevilla-Nodo
  86. ^ Indian Express: ElBaradei chosen for Indira Gandhi Peace Prize
  87. ^ University of Georgia: 2009 Delta Prize Recipient
  88. ^ IAEA: Biography of Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei

[edit] External links

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Articles

[edit] Nomination of ElBaradei

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Hans Blix		Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency
1997–2009		Succeeded by
Yukiya Amano
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Wangari Maathai		Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
2005
Served alongside: International Atomic Energy Agency		Succeeded by
Muhammad Yunus
Succeeded by
Grameen Bank
[show]v · d · e
[show]v · d · e
[show]v · d · e
Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize (2001–2025)
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2005 Nobel Prize laureates
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