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પુસ્તકીયકીડો
20 ડિસે 2011
આ દંડ સવારે, એક આકાશી વીજળી બોલ્ટ, અરે, આ ભગવાન તેને લાકડી બનાવવા માટે, મારા આંખો વચ્ચે અધિકાર, નહીં. હું એક ટન (માતાનો અમેરિકા શુદ્ધ, ભેળસેળરહિત, તેજસ્વી અને વિલક્ષણ ઘન, રિઇનફોર્સ્ડ કોંક્રિટ દિવાલ છ પગ પ્રસરે ધખધખવું સાથે શાઇનીંગ છે. ગુપ્ત પર્વત પરથી ગોલ્ડ ઇંટો) જેવી નથી કહી શું મને હિટ કરી શકે છે
અત્યાર સુધી સારી જેથી. હું ધારી, હું સ્વર્ગ માં છું, અરે, અમને-સ્વર્ગ.
હું દરવાજો જુઓ. ગોલ્ડન ગેટ, અરે, માતાનો કેલિફોર્નિયા ગોલ્ડન (બ્રિજ) ગેટ પ્રખ્યાત સાન ઓકલેન્ડ પ્રકારની Fransisco કે નથી. તે પણ સુવર્ણ નથી, કે જે કહે છે, સોનાની હતી. તે માટે હું શું કહેવા જવાની છું તમારા શ્વાસ પકડી, મોતી હતા. એક વધુ જૂજ પીળા સોના કરતાં costlier કોમોડિટી. એક જંતુ દ્વારા સામગ્રી, હું માને છે. અરે, એક વસવાટ કરો છો mollux તોપમારો.
એક સમૃદ્ધ માણસ જાણતો તે તરત મૃત્યુ પામે છે, પરંતુ તે તેના હાર્ડ-મળ્યું સંપત્તિ પાછળ છોડી નફરત. તેથી તેમણે પોતાની બધી સોનાના બાર રૂપાંતર અસ્કયામતો હતી, જે એક મોટી બેગ તેમને તેમના બેડ પર મૂકી, સોનાના બેગ તેના શરીર પર draped, અને તેમના છેલ્લા થકાવટ. આગળ આપણે તેને હેવન દ્વાર પર જુઓ. સેન્ટ પીટર (ખૂબ surpised) કહે છે, "વાવ? તમે પૃથ્વી પરથી સાથે કંઇક અહીં મળી વ્યવસ્થાપિત! દો. તેઓ બેગ ખોલી, અંદર દેખાતા હોય, તો પછી માણસ પર quizzically જોવામાં માતાનો જુઓ તમે શું લાવ્યા. " "તમે ... લાવ્યા પેવમેન્ટ?"
છું હું ક્યાંય જવું? સામાન્ય રીતે, હું નથી.
છેલ્લે, અહીં punchline છે.
બેબી તમારી ઓલ ધેટ આઇ વોન્ટ (હું માનું છું ધર્મ, હું ભગવાન માને dont, અને બાળકને તમે મારા સ્વર્ગ) બેબી તમારી ઓલ ધેટ આઇ વોન્ટ, તમે મારા શસ્ત્ર અહીં નીચાણવાળા હું હાર્ડ માટે માને શોધી છું જ્યારે, સ્વર્ગ માં હતા (મારા લેડી Shes, મારા બાળકને, મારા સ્ત્રીઓ હવા)
ગરમ Shes નરક હા, પણ મારી સ્વર્ગ shes તરીકે તેમણે મારા સંધ્યાએ છે, તેના સફરજન જુવે ઉદાહરણ તરીકે, અમે કે પાપી ઉત્કટ મળ્યું, અમે કે ગરમ વાસના મળ્યું અમે મળ્યું છે કે એક કરોડ પ્રેમ, ઉપરના બધા દો તેમને ઈર્ષ્યા વાત, હું તેમને લખાણ તમે સાથે મને મોકલી પ્રેમ એક ચિત્ર તમારી ગર્લફ્રેન્ડ સાથે જોડાયેલ તેમણે મૈત્રીપૂર્ણ તમે ક્વાર્ટરબેક તમે પાણીયું અમારા પ્રેમ ક્યારેય અંત આવે છે જવા પડશે, જેમ thats શા માટે તેઓ કે નફરત
બેબી (સમૂહગીત) તમારી ઓલ ધેટ આઇ વોન્ટ જ્યારે મારા શસ્ત્ર અહીં નીચાણવાળા તમારી તે હાર્ડ માને શોધવા માટે IM, સ્વર્ગ હતા અને પ્રેમાળ બધા કે હું જરૂર છે અને તે તમારા હૃદય તે ખૂબ હાર્ડ જોવા માટે નથી મળી સ્વર્ગ હતા (shes મારા લેડી મારા બાળકને મારી સ્ત્રીઓ હવા)
Shes ત્યાં જાડા n એ પાતળી: ત્યાં shes વરસાદ [પ્રતિ http://www.metrolyrics.com/pearly-gates-lyrics-pitbull.html] અથવા ત્યાં Shes શું હું ગુમાવી અથવા જીતી શું હું ઉદય અથવા મારી સાથે shes પતન અમે ત્યાં પતન જીવંત, ભવ્ય અથવા ગરીબી તેણીએ મને મારા માટે પ્રેમ? અર્માન્ડો મિસ્ટર નથી પેરેઝ. 3 05 thats અધિકાર છે, આ જીવન કપટી હશે અને મારી કારકિર્દી આકર્ષે છે, બધા લોકો ખોટું જો તમે શોધી કિપર પછી તમે વધુ સારી રીતે રાખવા તેમના હું હંમેશા તેની પ્રથમ મૂકી શકે છે, તેના પ્રેમ પૃથ્વી પર સ્વર્ગ છે
બેબી (સમૂહગીત) તમારી બધી કે હું માંગો છો જ્યારે મારી શસ્ત્ર અહીં નીચાણવાળા તમારા તે હાર્ડ માને શોધવા માટે IM સ્વર્ગ હતા અને પ્રેમાળ બધી I કરવાની જરૂર છે અને તે તમારા હૃદય માં ત્યાં જોવા મળે છે તે પણ હાર્ડ જોવા માટે નથી સ્વર્ગ હતા
બાળક તમારી બધી કે હું માંગો છો ત્યારે તમારા મારા શસ્ત્ર અહીં નીચાણવાળા તે હાર્ડ માને માટે સ્વર્ગ લવિંગ યુ હતા બધી I કરવાની જરૂર છે અને તે તમારા હૃદય માં ત્યાં જોવા મળે છે તે પણ હાર્ડ જોવા માટે નથી સ્વર્ગ હતા શોધવામાં IM
Ooo-hooah-ઓઓ-ooo એકસ 3 સ્વર્ગ હતા
અત્યાર સુધી સારી જેથી. હું ધારી, હું સ્વર્ગ માં છું, અરે, અમને-સ્વર્ગ.
હું દરવાજો જુઓ. ગોલ્ડન ગેટ, અરે, માતાનો કેલિફોર્નિયા ગોલ્ડન (બ્રિજ) ગેટ પ્રખ્યાત સાન ઓકલેન્ડ પ્રકારની Fransisco કે નથી. તે પણ સુવર્ણ નથી, કે જે કહે છે, સોનાની હતી. તે માટે હું શું કહેવા જવાની છું તમારા શ્વાસ પકડી, મોતી હતા. એક વધુ જૂજ પીળા સોના કરતાં costlier કોમોડિટી. એક જંતુ દ્વારા સામગ્રી, હું માને છે. અરે, એક વસવાટ કરો છો mollux તોપમારો.
એક સમૃદ્ધ માણસ જાણતો તે તરત મૃત્યુ પામે છે, પરંતુ તે તેના હાર્ડ-મળ્યું સંપત્તિ પાછળ છોડી નફરત. તેથી તેમણે પોતાની બધી સોનાના બાર રૂપાંતર અસ્કયામતો હતી, જે એક મોટી બેગ તેમને તેમના બેડ પર મૂકી, સોનાના બેગ તેના શરીર પર draped, અને તેમના છેલ્લા થકાવટ. આગળ આપણે તેને હેવન દ્વાર પર જુઓ. સેન્ટ પીટર (ખૂબ surpised) કહે છે, "વાવ? તમે પૃથ્વી પરથી સાથે કંઇક અહીં મળી વ્યવસ્થાપિત! દો. તેઓ બેગ ખોલી, અંદર દેખાતા હોય, તો પછી માણસ પર quizzically જોવામાં માતાનો જુઓ તમે શું લાવ્યા. " "તમે ... લાવ્યા પેવમેન્ટ?"
છું હું ક્યાંય જવું? સામાન્ય રીતે, હું નથી.
છેલ્લે, અહીં punchline છે.
મીડિયા વેપાર પ્રકાશન; હરાજી ધ વે લેખકો બદલો અને એજન્ટ્સ વિચારો
રોજર કોહેન દ્વારા
પ્રકાશિત: 29 એપ્રિલ, 1991
પ્રકાશિત: 29 એપ્રિલ, 1991
પબ્લિશર્સ કહે છે ત્યાં છેલ્લા થોડા મહિનામાં ફિક્શન પુસ્તકો માટે ખૂબ થોડા સારા દરખાસ્ત કરવામાં આવી છે. તેથી જ્યારે Mikal Gilmore, તો ચલાવવામાં ખૂની ગેરી Gilmore ના ભાઇ, એક વિચાર તેમના ડેસ્ક પર તાજેતરમાં આવ્યા, તેઓ બધા બેઠા, નોંધ લીધી છે અને હરાજી માં જકડી લીધું.
વેચાણ છેલ્લા મંગળવારે માટે સુયોજિત કરવામાં આવી હતી. બિડિંગ 75,000 $ ખાતે શરૂ કર્યું. પરંતુ બે દિવસ દરમિયાન કુલ સ્કોર, 11 પ્રકાશકો શ્રી માતાનો Gilmore એજન્ટ, રિચાર્ડ પાઈન માટે ઉત્તેજિત ટેલિફોન કોલ કરી અને છેવટે 700,000 ડોલર ભાવ અપ બિડ, એક underbidder જણાવ્યું હતું. કે ભાવે, તે ડબલડે વેચી હતી.
"અમે દરેક લડ્યા બોલ, અને અમે ખુશી છે" સ્ટીવ રુબિન છે, ડબલડે પ્રકાશક જણાવ્યું હતું.
તે વિચિત્ર લાગે કરવા માટે પહેલાંથી અપ્રકાશિત લેખક જે પહેલેથી નોર્મન માતાનો Mailer માં લંબાઈ પર ચિત્રણ કુટુંબ વાર્તા કહી રહ્યું છે તેથી ખૂબ પૈસા ચૂકવવા લડાઈ કર્યા પર ખુશ થઈ શકે છે પરંતુ "આ એકિઝકયુશનરની સોંગ." પ્રકાશન વિચિત્ર છે, obeying કોઈ તર્કસંગત વિશ્લેષણ માટે જવાબદાર નિયમો. આ Gilmore વાર્તા ગરમ હતી. ગરમ અને તેમના વેચાણમાં વધારો ગુણધર્મો માટે ભૂખ્યા પ્રકાશકો માટે, છાતીફાટ સ્પર્ધા હરાજી જીવન માર્ગ બન્યા છે.
વેચાણ છેલ્લા મંગળવારે માટે સુયોજિત કરવામાં આવી હતી. બિડિંગ 75,000 $ ખાતે શરૂ કર્યું. પરંતુ બે દિવસ દરમિયાન કુલ સ્કોર, 11 પ્રકાશકો શ્રી માતાનો Gilmore એજન્ટ, રિચાર્ડ પાઈન માટે ઉત્તેજિત ટેલિફોન કોલ કરી અને છેવટે 700,000 ડોલર ભાવ અપ બિડ, એક underbidder જણાવ્યું હતું. કે ભાવે, તે ડબલડે વેચી હતી.
"અમે દરેક લડ્યા બોલ, અને અમે ખુશી છે" સ્ટીવ રુબિન છે, ડબલડે પ્રકાશક જણાવ્યું હતું.
તે વિચિત્ર લાગે કરવા માટે પહેલાંથી અપ્રકાશિત લેખક જે પહેલેથી નોર્મન માતાનો Mailer માં લંબાઈ પર ચિત્રણ કુટુંબ વાર્તા કહી રહ્યું છે તેથી ખૂબ પૈસા ચૂકવવા લડાઈ કર્યા પર ખુશ થઈ શકે છે પરંતુ "આ એકિઝકયુશનરની સોંગ." પ્રકાશન વિચિત્ર છે, obeying કોઈ તર્કસંગત વિશ્લેષણ માટે જવાબદાર નિયમો. આ Gilmore વાર્તા ગરમ હતી. ગરમ અને તેમના વેચાણમાં વધારો ગુણધર્મો માટે ભૂખ્યા પ્રકાશકો માટે, છાતીફાટ સ્પર્ધા હરાજી જીવન માર્ગ બન્યા છે.
"એજન્ટ અને લેખકો માટે, હરાજી માટે ફ્રન્ટ અપ મની મહત્તમ રીતે છે" રોજર ડોનાલ્ડ, લિટલ બ્રાઉન, ના પ્રકાશક જણાવ્યું હતું. "જોવા ની પ્રકાશક બિંદુ પ્રતિ, તે રીતે તમે પુસ્તકો વધતી જતી સંખ્યા માટે ટોચની ડોલર પગાર કરવામાં આવે છે છે. તે devastatingly મોંઘા હોઈ શકે છે. "
શ્રી પાઈન જણાવ્યું હતું કે, ડબલડે થી ખૂબ પૈસા ક્યારેય પ્રાપ્ત હોય તો તે છે કે પ્રકાશક માટે ચાલ્યો હતો Gilmore દરખાસ્ત સાથે એકલા છે. "અંતે, તે હરાજી કે શ્રી રુબિન જેથી ઊંચી જાઓ ફરજ પડી હતી" તેમણે જણાવ્યું હતું.
પ્રકાશન અન્ય અનેક વસ્તુઓ જેમ, પરિસ્થિતિ વિવિધ શકાય વપરાય છે. લેખકો ઘરો છે જે જીવનપર્યંત ચાલ્યો સાથે સંબંધો હતા. તેમની એજન્ટો - જો તેઓ બધા એક જ હતો - કે પબ્લિશિંગ હાઉસ માટે એકલા જવું એ પુસ્તક વેચાણ વાટાઘાટો કરશે.
તે દિવસો જતા હોય છે. બુક દરખાસ્તો સામાન્ય રીતે "મલ્ટીપલ રજૂ" - એટલે કે, તેઓ ઘણી પ્રકાશકો અને સૌથી વધુ બિડર જીતી માટે મોકલવામાં આવે છે. આ પ્રક્રિયા સામાન્ય હરાજી, એક ખાસ દિવસ માટે સુયોજિત થયેલ છે, અથવા એક અનૌપચારિક હરાજી, વિવિધ પ્રકાશકો સાથે વાતચીત એક એજન્ટ દ્વારા કેટલાક દિવસોમાં haggling ઉકેલાય તરીકે હાથ ધરવામાં કરી શકાય છે.
"ફ્લોર સ્થિતિ" "પૂર્વ emptive બિડ" અને "ઉપયોગમાં લેવામાં આવનારા વિશેષાધિકારો." આમ, અર્ધવિરામ ની પાત્રતા પર અને સંપાદકો લેખકો વચ્ચે ચર્ચાઓ સંપાદકો અને એજન્ટો વચ્ચે વાતચીત દ્વારા બદલાઈ ગયા છે
(એક બિડ પૂર્વ emptive - જો તે પૂરતી ઊંચી છે - બોલ ઔપચારિક હરાજી હેડ શકે મની અમુક ચોક્કસ, એક હરાજી માં "ફ્લોર સ્થાન" તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે ભરવા રીતે, પબ્લિશિંગ હાઉસ "વિશેષાધિકારો ઉપયોગમાં લેવામાં આવનારા" નહીં -. કે છે, માટે સૌથી વધુ અંતિમ બિડ ટોચની જો તે ઇચ્છા અધિકાર.)
આ બધા કેટલાક લોકો depresses, તેમને વચ્ચે મોર્ગન Entrekin, નાના, સ્વતંત્ર હાઉસ, એટલાન્ટિક માસિક પ્રેસ પ્રકાશક.
", વધુ અને વધુ હરાજી લેખકો અને પ્રકાશકો વચ્ચે ઓછા અને ઓછા સંબંધો અર્થ" તેમણે જણાવ્યું હતું. "એક ઓક્શન જરૂરી અથવા સંપાદકની લેખક હાઉસ સાથે પુસ્તક મેળ ખાતું નથી. ઉપરાંત, તે મને એક ગેરલાભ પર મૂકે છે. સ્વતંત્ર તરીકે, હું માટે પૂરતી સૌથી હરાજી ભાગ પૈસા નથી. તેથી હું ઝડપી અને meaner હોય છે. "
બીગ હરાજી પ્રકાશન બજારમાં માં દાવ ફેરફારો પ્રતિબિંબ છે. તેઓ અહીં છે રહેવા માટે, ભલે ઘણા પ્રકાશકો તાજેતરના વર્ષોમાં સર્પિલ એડવાન્સિસ દ્વારા appalled હોય અને, જેમની સફળતા સાથે પ્રયત્ન કરી રહ્યા છે, વધુ વાજબી સ્તરે ભાવ રાખે છે.
રેન્ડમ હાઉસ જેવી વિશાળ ગૃહો, બેન્ટમ ડબલડે ડેલ અને સિમોન અને શૂસ્ટર બ્રાન્ડ તેમના વિશ્વભરમાં કામગીરી મારફતે વેચાણ નામો જરૂર છે. ત્યાં જેમ કે નામ મર્યાદિત સંખ્યામાં છે. લેખકો વધુ ચંચળ છે, અને એજન્ટો વધુ હોશિયાર. વધુમાં, ઉચ્ચ સામાન્ય વ્યવસ્થા - ખર્ચ સાથે કામ, પ્રકાશકો ખૂબ સારો દરખાસ્ત જ્યારે તે દ્વારા આવે કબજે આતુર હોય છે, અને સ્પર્ધા ઝડપથી ગરમ મેળવી શકો છો.
ગયા વર્ષે, ઉદાહરણ તરીકે, ડેલ પબ્લિશિંગ કેન Follett બે પુસ્તકો માટે 12.3 મિલિયન ડોલર ચૂકવી છે, અને હાર્પરકોલિન્સ જેફરી તીરંદાજ ત્રણ પુસ્તકો માટે $ 20 મિલિયન ચૂકવવામાં આવે છે.
અલબત્ત, ઘણા પુસ્તકો હજુ પણ કાં તો ઔપચારિક અથવા અનૌપચારિક હરાજી વગર વેચવામાં આવે છે. વધુમાં, હરાજી હંમેશા કામ કરશે નહિં. ગયા વર્ષે, ત્યાં ભૂતપૂર્વ પ્રમુખ નિકારાગુઆ ઓફ ડેનિયલ ઓર્ટેગા Saavedra ના મૂંઝવતી કેસ કરવામાં આવ્યો હતો.
એક વિસ્તૃત કરવા માટે તેના પ્રસ્તાવિત આત્મકથા વેચાણ હરાજી શ્રી માતાનો ઓર્ટેગા એજન્ટ, એડવર્ડ જે બખતરિયા ચામડાનું જાકીટ દ્વારા આયોજીત કરવામાં આવ્યો હતો. ન્યૂ યોર્ક કલા આશ્રયદાતા સુંવાળપનો ઘરે શ્રી ઓર્ટેગા મુલાકાત - આ એક સામાજિક ધાર્મિક સમાવેશ થાય છે. પરંતુ એ માર્ક્સવાદી યાદો માટે નિમંત્રણ હજુ પણ નિરાશાજનક સાબિત થઇ હતી.
"બધી અમે મળી ઓછા છ આકૃતિ તક આપે છે હતા" તેમણે જણાવ્યું હતું કે શ્રી બખતરિયા ચામડાનું જાકીટ સૂચવ્યું હતું કે આ પુસ્તક $ 1 મિલિયન જાઓ શકે છે, પરંતુ.
એજન્ટ ઉમેરી: "શ્રી ઓર્ટેગા બધા પછી પુસ્તક નથી નક્કી કર્યું. તદ્દન પ્રમાણિકપણે માટે, ડોલર પૂરતી ઊંચી નથી. હતા "
તેનાથી વિપરીત માં, ડોલર ડેરેક વી ગુડવીન, જેની "જસ્ટ કિલીંગ સમયનો" તાજેતરમાં 920.000 ડોલર હતી સિમોન અને શૂસ્ટર માટે હરાજી વેચી માટે પૂરતી ઊંચી હતી. પરંતુ જ્હોન લે કેરે અને જોસેફ Wambaugh માંથી ઇન્ડૉર્સમેન્ટ પુસ્તક ગાયકો બહાર આવ્યું માટે કપટી હોય, અને છેલ્લા અઠવાડિયે સિમોન અને શૂસ્ટર પાછી ખેંચી લીધી, કહે છે, "અમે શું અમને સબમિટ છે માન્યતા પર આધાર રાખે છે સમર્થ હોવા જ જોઈએ."
તે અલગ ઘટના હતી, અને હજુ સુધી કપટી ઇન્ડૉર્સમેન્ટ સ્ત્રોત સ્પષ્ટતા કરવામાં આવી નથી, પરંતુ તે કેટલાક હતાશ થઇને ક્યાંક સૂચવે છે. મની વડા ચાલુ કરી શકો છો. પબ્લિશિંગ લાગે, હવે છેતરપિંડી માટે શંકાસ્પદ પ્રવૃત્તિ છે. ભૂતકાળમાં, હરાજી પહેલાં, embezzlers એ શુષ્ક જૂના પુસ્તક બિઝનેસ માટે આ બોલ પર કોઈ સમય હતો.
તેથી હવે પ્રકાશન છે કોઈપણ અન્ય જેવું બિઝનેસ? એજન્ટ્સ પર ભાર મૂકે છે કે જે મોટી બક્સ તમામ તેઓ લેવી નથી. તેઓ પણ તેમના લેખકો અને પ્રકાશન ગૃહો વચ્ચે લાંબા સંબંધો કરવા માંગો છો.
"હું નથી લાગતું નથી તે કોઇપણ એજન્ટ મની વિશાળ જથ્થો મળી અને પછી એ સખત તરીકે અપ અંત પુસ્તક જુઓ ખુશ બનાવે છે" શ્રી બખતરિયા ચામડાનું જાકીટ જણાવ્યું હતું.
શ્રી પાઈન જણાવ્યું હતું કે, ડબલડે થી ખૂબ પૈસા ક્યારેય પ્રાપ્ત હોય તો તે છે કે પ્રકાશક માટે ચાલ્યો હતો Gilmore દરખાસ્ત સાથે એકલા છે. "અંતે, તે હરાજી કે શ્રી રુબિન જેથી ઊંચી જાઓ ફરજ પડી હતી" તેમણે જણાવ્યું હતું.
પ્રકાશન અન્ય અનેક વસ્તુઓ જેમ, પરિસ્થિતિ વિવિધ શકાય વપરાય છે. લેખકો ઘરો છે જે જીવનપર્યંત ચાલ્યો સાથે સંબંધો હતા. તેમની એજન્ટો - જો તેઓ બધા એક જ હતો - કે પબ્લિશિંગ હાઉસ માટે એકલા જવું એ પુસ્તક વેચાણ વાટાઘાટો કરશે.
તે દિવસો જતા હોય છે. બુક દરખાસ્તો સામાન્ય રીતે "મલ્ટીપલ રજૂ" - એટલે કે, તેઓ ઘણી પ્રકાશકો અને સૌથી વધુ બિડર જીતી માટે મોકલવામાં આવે છે. આ પ્રક્રિયા સામાન્ય હરાજી, એક ખાસ દિવસ માટે સુયોજિત થયેલ છે, અથવા એક અનૌપચારિક હરાજી, વિવિધ પ્રકાશકો સાથે વાતચીત એક એજન્ટ દ્વારા કેટલાક દિવસોમાં haggling ઉકેલાય તરીકે હાથ ધરવામાં કરી શકાય છે.
"ફ્લોર સ્થિતિ" "પૂર્વ emptive બિડ" અને "ઉપયોગમાં લેવામાં આવનારા વિશેષાધિકારો." આમ, અર્ધવિરામ ની પાત્રતા પર અને સંપાદકો લેખકો વચ્ચે ચર્ચાઓ સંપાદકો અને એજન્ટો વચ્ચે વાતચીત દ્વારા બદલાઈ ગયા છે
(એક બિડ પૂર્વ emptive - જો તે પૂરતી ઊંચી છે - બોલ ઔપચારિક હરાજી હેડ શકે મની અમુક ચોક્કસ, એક હરાજી માં "ફ્લોર સ્થાન" તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે ભરવા રીતે, પબ્લિશિંગ હાઉસ "વિશેષાધિકારો ઉપયોગમાં લેવામાં આવનારા" નહીં -. કે છે, માટે સૌથી વધુ અંતિમ બિડ ટોચની જો તે ઇચ્છા અધિકાર.)
આ બધા કેટલાક લોકો depresses, તેમને વચ્ચે મોર્ગન Entrekin, નાના, સ્વતંત્ર હાઉસ, એટલાન્ટિક માસિક પ્રેસ પ્રકાશક.
", વધુ અને વધુ હરાજી લેખકો અને પ્રકાશકો વચ્ચે ઓછા અને ઓછા સંબંધો અર્થ" તેમણે જણાવ્યું હતું. "એક ઓક્શન જરૂરી અથવા સંપાદકની લેખક હાઉસ સાથે પુસ્તક મેળ ખાતું નથી. ઉપરાંત, તે મને એક ગેરલાભ પર મૂકે છે. સ્વતંત્ર તરીકે, હું માટે પૂરતી સૌથી હરાજી ભાગ પૈસા નથી. તેથી હું ઝડપી અને meaner હોય છે. "
બીગ હરાજી પ્રકાશન બજારમાં માં દાવ ફેરફારો પ્રતિબિંબ છે. તેઓ અહીં છે રહેવા માટે, ભલે ઘણા પ્રકાશકો તાજેતરના વર્ષોમાં સર્પિલ એડવાન્સિસ દ્વારા appalled હોય અને, જેમની સફળતા સાથે પ્રયત્ન કરી રહ્યા છે, વધુ વાજબી સ્તરે ભાવ રાખે છે.
રેન્ડમ હાઉસ જેવી વિશાળ ગૃહો, બેન્ટમ ડબલડે ડેલ અને સિમોન અને શૂસ્ટર બ્રાન્ડ તેમના વિશ્વભરમાં કામગીરી મારફતે વેચાણ નામો જરૂર છે. ત્યાં જેમ કે નામ મર્યાદિત સંખ્યામાં છે. લેખકો વધુ ચંચળ છે, અને એજન્ટો વધુ હોશિયાર. વધુમાં, ઉચ્ચ સામાન્ય વ્યવસ્થા - ખર્ચ સાથે કામ, પ્રકાશકો ખૂબ સારો દરખાસ્ત જ્યારે તે દ્વારા આવે કબજે આતુર હોય છે, અને સ્પર્ધા ઝડપથી ગરમ મેળવી શકો છો.
ગયા વર્ષે, ઉદાહરણ તરીકે, ડેલ પબ્લિશિંગ કેન Follett બે પુસ્તકો માટે 12.3 મિલિયન ડોલર ચૂકવી છે, અને હાર્પરકોલિન્સ જેફરી તીરંદાજ ત્રણ પુસ્તકો માટે $ 20 મિલિયન ચૂકવવામાં આવે છે.
અલબત્ત, ઘણા પુસ્તકો હજુ પણ કાં તો ઔપચારિક અથવા અનૌપચારિક હરાજી વગર વેચવામાં આવે છે. વધુમાં, હરાજી હંમેશા કામ કરશે નહિં. ગયા વર્ષે, ત્યાં ભૂતપૂર્વ પ્રમુખ નિકારાગુઆ ઓફ ડેનિયલ ઓર્ટેગા Saavedra ના મૂંઝવતી કેસ કરવામાં આવ્યો હતો.
એક વિસ્તૃત કરવા માટે તેના પ્રસ્તાવિત આત્મકથા વેચાણ હરાજી શ્રી માતાનો ઓર્ટેગા એજન્ટ, એડવર્ડ જે બખતરિયા ચામડાનું જાકીટ દ્વારા આયોજીત કરવામાં આવ્યો હતો. ન્યૂ યોર્ક કલા આશ્રયદાતા સુંવાળપનો ઘરે શ્રી ઓર્ટેગા મુલાકાત - આ એક સામાજિક ધાર્મિક સમાવેશ થાય છે. પરંતુ એ માર્ક્સવાદી યાદો માટે નિમંત્રણ હજુ પણ નિરાશાજનક સાબિત થઇ હતી.
"બધી અમે મળી ઓછા છ આકૃતિ તક આપે છે હતા" તેમણે જણાવ્યું હતું કે શ્રી બખતરિયા ચામડાનું જાકીટ સૂચવ્યું હતું કે આ પુસ્તક $ 1 મિલિયન જાઓ શકે છે, પરંતુ.
એજન્ટ ઉમેરી: "શ્રી ઓર્ટેગા બધા પછી પુસ્તક નથી નક્કી કર્યું. તદ્દન પ્રમાણિકપણે માટે, ડોલર પૂરતી ઊંચી નથી. હતા "
તેનાથી વિપરીત માં, ડોલર ડેરેક વી ગુડવીન, જેની "જસ્ટ કિલીંગ સમયનો" તાજેતરમાં 920.000 ડોલર હતી સિમોન અને શૂસ્ટર માટે હરાજી વેચી માટે પૂરતી ઊંચી હતી. પરંતુ જ્હોન લે કેરે અને જોસેફ Wambaugh માંથી ઇન્ડૉર્સમેન્ટ પુસ્તક ગાયકો બહાર આવ્યું માટે કપટી હોય, અને છેલ્લા અઠવાડિયે સિમોન અને શૂસ્ટર પાછી ખેંચી લીધી, કહે છે, "અમે શું અમને સબમિટ છે માન્યતા પર આધાર રાખે છે સમર્થ હોવા જ જોઈએ."
તે અલગ ઘટના હતી, અને હજુ સુધી કપટી ઇન્ડૉર્સમેન્ટ સ્ત્રોત સ્પષ્ટતા કરવામાં આવી નથી, પરંતુ તે કેટલાક હતાશ થઇને ક્યાંક સૂચવે છે. મની વડા ચાલુ કરી શકો છો. પબ્લિશિંગ લાગે, હવે છેતરપિંડી માટે શંકાસ્પદ પ્રવૃત્તિ છે. ભૂતકાળમાં, હરાજી પહેલાં, embezzlers એ શુષ્ક જૂના પુસ્તક બિઝનેસ માટે આ બોલ પર કોઈ સમય હતો.
તેથી હવે પ્રકાશન છે કોઈપણ અન્ય જેવું બિઝનેસ? એજન્ટ્સ પર ભાર મૂકે છે કે જે મોટી બક્સ તમામ તેઓ લેવી નથી. તેઓ પણ તેમના લેખકો અને પ્રકાશન ગૃહો વચ્ચે લાંબા સંબંધો કરવા માંગો છો.
"હું નથી લાગતું નથી તે કોઇપણ એજન્ટ મની વિશાળ જથ્થો મળી અને પછી એ સખત તરીકે અપ અંત પુસ્તક જુઓ ખુશ બનાવે છે" શ્રી બખતરિયા ચામડાનું જાકીટ જણાવ્યું હતું.
ગરમ Shes નરક હા, પણ મારી સ્વર્ગ shes તરીકે તેમણે મારા સંધ્યાએ છે, તેના સફરજન જુવે ઉદાહરણ તરીકે, અમે કે પાપી ઉત્કટ મળ્યું, અમે કે ગરમ વાસના મળ્યું અમે મળ્યું છે કે એક કરોડ પ્રેમ, ઉપરના બધા દો તેમને ઈર્ષ્યા વાત, હું તેમને લખાણ તમે સાથે મને મોકલી પ્રેમ એક ચિત્ર તમારી ગર્લફ્રેન્ડ સાથે જોડાયેલ તેમણે મૈત્રીપૂર્ણ તમે ક્વાર્ટરબેક તમે પાણીયું અમારા પ્રેમ ક્યારેય અંત આવે છે જવા પડશે, જેમ thats શા માટે તેઓ કે નફરત
બેબી (સમૂહગીત) તમારી ઓલ ધેટ આઇ વોન્ટ જ્યારે મારા શસ્ત્ર અહીં નીચાણવાળા તમારી તે હાર્ડ માને શોધવા માટે IM, સ્વર્ગ હતા અને પ્રેમાળ બધા કે હું જરૂર છે અને તે તમારા હૃદય તે ખૂબ હાર્ડ જોવા માટે નથી મળી સ્વર્ગ હતા (shes મારા લેડી મારા બાળકને મારી સ્ત્રીઓ હવા)
Shes ત્યાં જાડા n એ પાતળી: ત્યાં shes વરસાદ [પ્રતિ http://www.metrolyrics.com/pearly-gates-lyrics-pitbull.html] અથવા ત્યાં Shes શું હું ગુમાવી અથવા જીતી શું હું ઉદય અથવા મારી સાથે shes પતન અમે ત્યાં પતન જીવંત, ભવ્ય અથવા ગરીબી તેણીએ મને મારા માટે પ્રેમ? અર્માન્ડો મિસ્ટર નથી પેરેઝ. 3 05 thats અધિકાર છે, આ જીવન કપટી હશે અને મારી કારકિર્દી આકર્ષે છે, બધા લોકો ખોટું જો તમે શોધી કિપર પછી તમે વધુ સારી રીતે રાખવા તેમના હું હંમેશા તેની પ્રથમ મૂકી શકે છે, તેના પ્રેમ પૃથ્વી પર સ્વર્ગ છે
બેબી (સમૂહગીત) તમારી બધી કે હું માંગો છો જ્યારે મારી શસ્ત્ર અહીં નીચાણવાળા તમારા તે હાર્ડ માને શોધવા માટે IM સ્વર્ગ હતા અને પ્રેમાળ બધી I કરવાની જરૂર છે અને તે તમારા હૃદય માં ત્યાં જોવા મળે છે તે પણ હાર્ડ જોવા માટે નથી સ્વર્ગ હતા
બાળક તમારી બધી કે હું માંગો છો ત્યારે તમારા મારા શસ્ત્ર અહીં નીચાણવાળા તે હાર્ડ માને માટે સ્વર્ગ લવિંગ યુ હતા બધી I કરવાની જરૂર છે અને તે તમારા હૃદય માં ત્યાં જોવા મળે છે તે પણ હાર્ડ જોવા માટે નથી સ્વર્ગ હતા શોધવામાં IM
Ooo-hooah-ઓઓ-ooo એકસ 3 સ્વર્ગ હતા
This fine morning, a lightening bolt, Oops, make it rod from the God, hit me, right in between my eyes. I couldn't tell what hit me, like a ton of (gold bricks from America's secret mountain of pure, unadulterated, bright and shining with eerie glow permeating six feet of solid, reinforced concrete walls.)
So far so good. I guess, I am in the heaven, Oops, US-heaven.
I see a gate. Golden Gate, Oops, not that California's Golden Gate (Bridge) famous San Fransisco to Oakland kind. It is not even golden, that is to say, made of gold. It is, hold your breath for what I am going to say, made of pearls. A rarer commodity costlier than yellow gold. Made by a worm, I believe. Oops, a living shelled mollux.
A rich man knew he would die soon, but he hated to leave his hard-earned riches behind. So he had all his assets converted to gold bars, put them in a big bag on his bed, draped his body over the bag of gold, and breathed his last. Next we see him at the gate of Heaven. St. Peter says (very surpised), "Wow! You managed to get here with something from earth! Let's see what you brought." He opened the bag, looked inside, then looked quizzically at the man. "You brought...pavement?!"
Am I going nowhere? Usually, I do.
Finally, here is the punchline.
THE MEDIA BUSINESS: PUBLISHING; Auctions Change the Way Writers and Agents Think
By ROGER COHEN
Published: April 29, 1991
Published: April 29, 1991
Publishers say there have been very few good proposals for nonfiction books over the last few months. So when an idea from Mikal Gilmore, the brother of the executed murderer Gary Gilmore, arrived on their desks recently, they all sat up, took note and plunged into the auction.
The sale was set for last Tuesday. Bidding started at $75,000. But over the course of two days, 11 publishers made frantic telephone calls to Mr. Gilmore's agent, Richard Pine, and eventually bid the price up to $700,000, an underbidder said. At that price, it was sold to Doubleday.
"We fought everyone off, and we are delighted," said Steve Rubin, Doubleday's publisher.
It may seem strange to be happy over having to fight to pay so much money for a previously unpublished author who is going to tell the story of a family already portrayed at length in Norman Mailer's "The Executioner's Song." But publishing is strange, obeying no rules amenable to rational analysis. The Gilmore story was hot. And for publishers hungry for hot properties to increase their sales, bitterly contested auctions have become a way of life.
The sale was set for last Tuesday. Bidding started at $75,000. But over the course of two days, 11 publishers made frantic telephone calls to Mr. Gilmore's agent, Richard Pine, and eventually bid the price up to $700,000, an underbidder said. At that price, it was sold to Doubleday.
"We fought everyone off, and we are delighted," said Steve Rubin, Doubleday's publisher.
It may seem strange to be happy over having to fight to pay so much money for a previously unpublished author who is going to tell the story of a family already portrayed at length in Norman Mailer's "The Executioner's Song." But publishing is strange, obeying no rules amenable to rational analysis. The Gilmore story was hot. And for publishers hungry for hot properties to increase their sales, bitterly contested auctions have become a way of life.
"For agents and authors, auctions are the way to maximize money up front," said Roger Donald, the publisher of Little, Brown. "From the publisher's point of view, it's the way you are made to pay top dollar for a growing number of books. It can be devastatingly costly."
Mr. Pine said he would never have received so much money from Doubleday if he had gone to that publisher alone with the Gilmore proposal. "In the end, it was the auction that forced Mr. Rubin to go so high," he said.
Like many other things in publishing, the situation used to be different. Authors had relationships with houses that lasted a lifetime. Their agents -- if they had one at all -- would go to that publishing house alone to negotiate the sale of a book.
Those days are gone. Book proposals are usually "multiple submissions" -- that is, they are sent out to several publishers and the highest bidder wins. This process can be conducted as a formal auction, set for a particular day, or an informal auction, resolved in haggling over several days by an agent in conversation with various publishers.
Thus, discussions between editors and writers over the appropriateness of a semicolon have been replaced by talk between editors and agents over "floor positions," "pre-emptive bids" and "topping privileges."
(A pre-emptive bid -- if it is high enough -- can head off a formal auction. By paying a certain amount of money, referred to as a "floor position" in the auction, a publishing house gets "topping privileges" -- that is, the right to top the highest eventual bid if it wishes.)
All this depresses some people, among them Morgan Entrekin, the publisher of the small, independent house, the Atlantic Monthly Press.
"More and more auctions mean fewer and fewer relationships between authors and publishers," he said. "An auction does not necessarily match the book with the house or the writer with the editor. Besides, it puts me at a disadvantage. As an independent, I don't have enough money to participate in most auctions. So I have to be faster and meaner."
Big auctions are a reflection of the sweeping changes in the publishing marketplace. They are here to stay, even though many publishers have been appalled by the spiraling advances of recent years and have been trying, with modest success, to keep prices at more reasonable levels.
Huge houses like Random House, Bantam Doubleday Dell and Simon & Schuster need brand names to sell through their worldwide operations. There are a limited number of such names. Authors are more fickle, and agents more agile. Moreover, working with higher overheads, publishers are very eager to seize a good proposal when it comes by, and the competition can quickly get heated.
Last year, for example, Dell Publishing paid $12.3 million for two books by Ken Follett, and HarperCollins paid $20 million for three books by Jeffrey Archer.
Of course, many books are still sold without either formal or informal auctions. Moreover, auctions do not always work. Last year, there was the embarrassing case of former President Daniel Ortega Saavedra of Nicaragua.
An elaborate auction to sell his proposed autobiography was organized by Mr. Ortega's agent, Edward J. Acton. This included a social ritual -- a visit to Mr. Ortega at the plush home of a New York art patron. But the bidding for the Marxist's memoirs still proved disappointing.
Mr. Acton had suggested that the book might go for $1 million, but "all we got were low six-figure offers," he said.
The agent added: "Mr. Ortega decided not to do the book after all. Quite frankly, the dollars were not high enough."
In contrast, the dollars were high enough for Derek V. Goodwin, whose "Just Killing Time" was recently sold at auction to Simon & Schuster for $920,000. But the endorsements from John le Carre and Joseph Wambaugh backing the book turned out to be fraudulent, and last week Simon & Schuster withdrew, saying, "We must be able to rely on the validity of what is submitted to us."
It was an isolated incident, and as yet the source of the fraudulent endorsements has not been explained, but it suggests some desperation somewhere. Money can turn the head. Publishing, it seems, is now an activity susceptible to fraud. In the past, before auctions, embezzlers had no time for the dreary old book business.
So is publishing now a business like any other? Agents emphasize that big bucks are not all they seek. They, too, want long relationships between their authors and publishing houses.
"I don't think it makes any agent happy to get a huge amount of money and then see the book ending up as a stiff," Mr. Acton said.
Mr. Pine said he would never have received so much money from Doubleday if he had gone to that publisher alone with the Gilmore proposal. "In the end, it was the auction that forced Mr. Rubin to go so high," he said.
Like many other things in publishing, the situation used to be different. Authors had relationships with houses that lasted a lifetime. Their agents -- if they had one at all -- would go to that publishing house alone to negotiate the sale of a book.
Those days are gone. Book proposals are usually "multiple submissions" -- that is, they are sent out to several publishers and the highest bidder wins. This process can be conducted as a formal auction, set for a particular day, or an informal auction, resolved in haggling over several days by an agent in conversation with various publishers.
Thus, discussions between editors and writers over the appropriateness of a semicolon have been replaced by talk between editors and agents over "floor positions," "pre-emptive bids" and "topping privileges."
(A pre-emptive bid -- if it is high enough -- can head off a formal auction. By paying a certain amount of money, referred to as a "floor position" in the auction, a publishing house gets "topping privileges" -- that is, the right to top the highest eventual bid if it wishes.)
All this depresses some people, among them Morgan Entrekin, the publisher of the small, independent house, the Atlantic Monthly Press.
"More and more auctions mean fewer and fewer relationships between authors and publishers," he said. "An auction does not necessarily match the book with the house or the writer with the editor. Besides, it puts me at a disadvantage. As an independent, I don't have enough money to participate in most auctions. So I have to be faster and meaner."
Big auctions are a reflection of the sweeping changes in the publishing marketplace. They are here to stay, even though many publishers have been appalled by the spiraling advances of recent years and have been trying, with modest success, to keep prices at more reasonable levels.
Huge houses like Random House, Bantam Doubleday Dell and Simon & Schuster need brand names to sell through their worldwide operations. There are a limited number of such names. Authors are more fickle, and agents more agile. Moreover, working with higher overheads, publishers are very eager to seize a good proposal when it comes by, and the competition can quickly get heated.
Last year, for example, Dell Publishing paid $12.3 million for two books by Ken Follett, and HarperCollins paid $20 million for three books by Jeffrey Archer.
Of course, many books are still sold without either formal or informal auctions. Moreover, auctions do not always work. Last year, there was the embarrassing case of former President Daniel Ortega Saavedra of Nicaragua.
An elaborate auction to sell his proposed autobiography was organized by Mr. Ortega's agent, Edward J. Acton. This included a social ritual -- a visit to Mr. Ortega at the plush home of a New York art patron. But the bidding for the Marxist's memoirs still proved disappointing.
Mr. Acton had suggested that the book might go for $1 million, but "all we got were low six-figure offers," he said.
The agent added: "Mr. Ortega decided not to do the book after all. Quite frankly, the dollars were not high enough."
In contrast, the dollars were high enough for Derek V. Goodwin, whose "Just Killing Time" was recently sold at auction to Simon & Schuster for $920,000. But the endorsements from John le Carre and Joseph Wambaugh backing the book turned out to be fraudulent, and last week Simon & Schuster withdrew, saying, "We must be able to rely on the validity of what is submitted to us."
It was an isolated incident, and as yet the source of the fraudulent endorsements has not been explained, but it suggests some desperation somewhere. Money can turn the head. Publishing, it seems, is now an activity susceptible to fraud. In the past, before auctions, embezzlers had no time for the dreary old book business.
So is publishing now a business like any other? Agents emphasize that big bucks are not all they seek. They, too, want long relationships between their authors and publishing houses.
"I don't think it makes any agent happy to get a huge amount of money and then see the book ending up as a stiff," Mr. Acton said.
Shes hot as hell yeah, But shes my heaven She is my eve, Im her apple for example We got that sinful passion, We got that hot lust We got that one in a million love, All of the above let them talk they envy, I love them text's you send me with a pic attached Your girlfriend she friendly You like a quarterback you'll go down in the sack our love is never ending, thats why they hate like that
(chorus) Baby Your All That I Want When Your lying here in my arms Im finding it hard to believe, were in heaven And Loving is all that i need and it found it there in your heart it isnt too hard to see were in heaven (shes my lady my baby my women air)
Shes there thick n thin [ From: http://www.metrolyrics.com/pearly-gates-lyrics-pitbull.html ] shes there rain or fall Shes there whether i lose or win whether i rise or fall shes with me wherever we live, lavishly or in poverty She loves me for me ? Armando Perez not mr. 3 05 thats right, this life can be deceitful and my career attracts, all the wrong people If you find a keeper then you better keep her I always put her first, her love is heaven on earth
(chorus) Baby your all that i want when your lying here in my arms im finding it hard to believe were in heaven And Loving is all i need and it found it there in your heart it isnt too hard to see were in heaven
baby your all that i want when your lying here in my arms im finding it hard to believe were in heaven Loving is all i need and it found it there in your heart it isnt too hard to see were in heaven
Ooo-hooah-oo-ooo x3 Were in heaven
Pearly gates
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Pearly Gates (disambiguation).
The pearly gates is an informal name for the gateway to Heaven according to some Christian denominations. It is inspired by the description of the New Jerusalem in Book of Revelation 21:21. The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate being made from a single pearl.[1]The image of the gates in popular culture is a set of large, white or wrought-iron gates in the clouds, guarded by Saint Peter (the keeper of the "keys to the kingdom"). Those not fit to enter heaven are denied entrance at the gates, and thus descend into Hell.[2]
[edit] References
- ^ Lang, J. Stephen (2003). "59: Imagine the Size of Those Oysters". What the Good Book Didn't Say: Popular Myths and Misconceptions about the Bible. Citadel Press. p. 185. ISBN 080652460X.
- ^ Ferguson, Everett (1996). The Church of Christ: a biblical ecclesiology for today. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 53. ISBN 0802841899.
Pearl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Pearl (disambiguation).
| Pearl | |
|---|---|
 Pearls | |
| General | |
| Category | Mineral |
| Chemical formula | CaCO3 |
| Identification | |
| Color | white, pink, silver-, cream-, golden-colored, green, blue, black, yellow, rainbow2369 |
| Cleavage | none |
| Mohs scale hardness | 2.5–4.5 |
| Streak | white |
| Specific gravity | 2.60–2.85 |
| Dispersion | none |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | weak, cannot be evaluated. Genuine black p .: Red to reddish River-p.: Strong: pale green |
The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but they are extremely rare. These wild pearls are referred to as natural pearls. Cultured or farmed pearls from pearl oysters and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those that are currently sold. Imitation or fake pearls are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry, but the quality of their iridescence is usually very poor, and generally speaking, artificial pearls are easily distinguished from genuine pearls. Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in jewelry, but in the past they were also stitched onto lavish clothing. Pearls have also been crushed and used in cosmetics, medicines, and in paint formulations.
Whether wild or cultured, gem quality pearls are almost always nacreous and iridescent, as is the interior of the shell that produces them. However, almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls (formerly referred to as "calcareous concretions" by some sources) of lesser shine or less spherical shape. Although these may also be legitimately referred to as "pearls" by gemological labs and also under U.S. Federal Trade Commission rules,[1] and are formed in the same way, most of them have no value, except as curiosities.
[edit] Evolutionary significance
Pearls are commonly viewed by scientists as a by-product of an adaptive immune system-like function.[2][edit] Etymology
The English word pearl comes from the French perle, originally from the Latin diminutive of perna leg, ham, leg-of-mutton shaped bivalve.[3][edit] Definition
A "natural pearl" or "wild pearl" is one that forms without any human intervention at all, in the wild, and is very rare. Many hundreds of pearl oysters or pearl mussels have to be gathered and opened, and thus killed, in order to find even one wild pearl, and for many centuries that was the only way pearls were obtained. This was the main reason why pearls fetched such extraordinary prices in the past. A cultured pearl is formed in a pearl farm, using human intervention as well as natural processes.
One family of nacreous pearl bivalves – the pearl oyster – lives in the sea, while the other – a very different group of bivalves – lives in freshwater; these are the river mussels such as the freshwater pearl mussel. Saltwater pearls can grow in several species of marine pearl oysters in the family Pteriidae. Freshwater pearls grow within certain (but by no means all) species of freshwater mussels in the order Unionida, the families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae.
[edit] Physical properties
[edit] Freshwater and saltwater pearls
Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar, but they come from different sources.
Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels, family Unionidae, which live in lakes, rivers, ponds and other bodies of fresh water. These freshwater pearl mussels occur not only in hotter climates, but also in colder more temperate areas such as Scotland (where they are totally protected under law). However, most freshwater cultured pearls sold today come from China.
Saltwater pearls grow within pearl oysters, family Pteriidae, which live in oceans. Saltwater pearl oysters are usually cultivated in protected lagoons or volcanic atolls.
[edit] Creation of a pearl
The mantle of the mollusk deposits layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite (polymorphs with the same chemical formula, but different crystal structures) held together by an organic horn-like compound called conchiolin. The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called nacre, which makes up mother-of-pearl. The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case. Typical stimuli include organic material, parasites, or even damage that displaces mantle tissue to another part of the mollusk's body. These small particles or organisms gain entry when the shell valves are open for feeding or respiration. In cultured pearls, the irritant is typically an introduced piece of the mantle epithelium, together or without a spherical bead (beaded or beadless cultured pearls).[4][5]
[edit] Natural pearls
Natural pearls are nearly 100% calcium carbonate and conchiolin. It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk, and settles inside the shell. The mollusk, being irritated by the intruder, forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant. This secretion process is repeated many times, thus producing a pearl. Natural pearls come in many shapes, with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare.Typically, the build-up of a natural pearl consists of a brown central zone formed by columnar calcium carbonate (usually calcite, sometimes columnar aragonite) and a yellowish to white outer zone consisting of nacre (tabular aragonite). In a pearl cross-section such as the diagram, these two different materials can be seen. The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development. Displaced living cells with a well-defined task may continue to perform their function in their new location, often resulting in a cyst. Such displacement may occur via an injury. The fragile rim of the shell is exposed and is prone to damage and injury. Crabs, other predators and parasites such as worm larvae may produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are disconnected from their layer. Embedded in the conjunctive tissue of the mantle, these cells may survive and form a small pocket in which they continue to secrete their natural product: calcium carbonate. The pocket is called a pearl sack, and grows with time by cell division; in this way the pearl grows also. The juvenile mantle tissue cells, according to their stage of growth, produce columnar calcium carbonate, which is secreted from the inner surface of the pearl sack. With ongoing time the external mantle cells of the pearl sack proceed to the formation of tabular aragonite. When the transition to nacre secretion occurs, the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating. As this process progresses, the shell itself grows, and the pearl sack seems to travel into the shell. However, it actually stays in its original relative position within the mantle tissue. After a couple of years, a pearl will have formed and the shell might be found by a lucky pearl fisher.[6]
[edit] Cultured pearls
Main article: Cultured pearl
Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a tissue implant. A tiny piece of mantle tissue from a donor shell is transplanted into a recipient shell. This graft will form a pearl sac and the tissue will precipitate calcium carbonate into this pocket. There are a number of options for producing cultured pearls: use freshwater or seawater shells, transplant the graft into the mantle or into the gonad, add a spherical bead or do it non-beaded. The majority of saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads. The trade name of the cultured pearls are Akoya, white or golden South sea, and black Tahitian. The majority of beadless cultured pearls are mantle-grown in freshwater shells in China, known as freshwater cultured pearls.
Cultured pearls (beadless or beaded) and imitation pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by X-ray examination. Nucleated cultured pearls are often 'pre-formed' as they tend to follow the shape of the implanted shell bead nucleus. Once the pre-formed beads are inserted into the oyster, it secretes a few layers of nacre around the outside surface of the implant before it is removed after six months or more.
When a cultured pearl with bead is X-rayed, it reveals a different structure to that of a natural pearl. A beaded cultured pearl shows a solid center with no concentric growth rings, whereas a natural pearl shows a series of concentric growth rings. A beadless cultured pearl (whether of freshwater or saltwater origin) may show growth rings, but also a complex central cavity, witness of the first precipitation of the young pearl sac.
[edit] Gemological identification
A well equipped gem testing laboratory is able to distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using a gemological x-ray in order to examine the center of a pearl. With an x-ray it is possible to see the growth rings of the pearl, where the layers of calcium carbonate are separated by thin layers of conchiolin. The differentiation of natural pearls from non-beaded cultured pearls can be very difficult without the use of this x-ray technique.Natural and cultured pearls can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a microscope. Another method of testing for imitations is to rub two pearls against each other. Imitation pearls are completely smooth, but natural and cultured pearls are composed of nacre platelets, making both feel slightly gritty.
[edit] Value of a natural pearl
Quality natural pearls are very rare jewels. The actual value of a natural pearl is determined in the same way as it would be for other "precious" gems. The valuation factors include size, shape, color, quality of surface, orient and luster.Single, natural pearls are often sold as a collector's item, or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry. Very few matched strands of natural pearls exist, and those that do often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. (In 1917, jeweler Pierre Cartier purchased the Fifth Avenue mansion that is now the New York Cartier store in exchange for a matched, double strand of natural pearls that he had been collecting for years; valued at the time at $1 million USD.)[7]
The Great Depression effectively slashed the value of the natural pearl, but there is no doubt that it had been some time coming. The introduction and advance of the cultured pearl hit the pearl industry hard; it had pearl dealers publicly disputing over the authenticity of these new cultured pearls, and left many consumers uneasy and confused about the much lower prices. Essentially, it damaged the image of both natural and cultured pearls alike. By the 1950s, an era of every woman being able to own her own pearl necklace had begun, and natural pearls were reduced to a small, exclusive niche in the pearl industry.
[edit] Origin of a natural pearl
Previously, natural pearls were found in many parts of the world. Present day natural pearling is confined mostly to seas off Bahrain. Australia also has one of the world's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships. Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry. The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days. Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters. X-Ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today.[edit] Types of cultured pearls
The Tahitian pearl, frequently referred to as Black Tahitian Pearls, are highly valued because of their rarity; the culturing process for them dictates a smaller volume output and they can never be mass produced because, in common with most sea pearls, the oyster can only be nucleated with one pearl at a time, while freshwater mussels are capable of multiple pearl implants. Before the days of cultured pearls, black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all.
Mary, Queen of Scots by an unknown artist after François Clouet (c. 1559)
London, Victoria and Albert Museum
The Queen is shown wearing her rope of famous black pearls.London, Victoria and Albert Museum
The correct definition of a South Sea pearl – as described by CIBJO and GIA – is a pearl produced by the Pinctada maxima pearl oyster. South Sea pearls are the color of their host Pinctada maxima oyster – and can be white, silver, pink, gold, cream, and any combination of these basic colors, including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself.
South Sea Pearls are produced in various parts of the world. White ones tend to come from the Broome area of Australia while golden ones are from the Philippines. Pearls are also produced in the Cook Islands and one farm in the Sea of Cortez, Mexico, from Concha Nácar the rainbow lipped oyster; these pearls fluoresce red under ultraviolet light.
[edit] Pearls from other species
Biologically speaking, under the right set of circumstances, almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl, however, most of these molluscan pearls have no luster or iridescence. The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive, and are sometimes not even very durable, such that they usually have no value at all, except perhaps to a scientist, a collector, or as a curiosity. These objects used to be referred to as "calcareous concretions" by some gemologists, even though a malacologist would still consider them to be pearls. Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible mussels, edible oysters, escargot snails, and so on. The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term 'pearl' (or, where appropriate, the more descriptive term 'non-nacreous pearl') when referring to such items[9][10] and, under Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusc pearls may be referred to as 'pearls', without qualification.[1]
A few species produce pearls that can be of interest as gemstones. These species include the bailer shell Melo, the giant clam Tridacna, various scallop species, Pen shells Pinna, and the Haliotis iris species of abalone. Abalone, or Pāua are Mabe pearls unique to New Zealand waters and are commonly referred to as 'Blue Pearls'. They are admired for their incredible luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to Opal. Another example is the conch pearl (sometimes referred to simply as the 'pink pearl'), which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen conch or pink conch, Strombus gigas, a large sea snail or marine gastropod from the Caribbean Sea. These pearls, which are often pink in color, are a by-product of the conch fishing industry, and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to chatoyance known as 'flame structure'.
Somewhat similar gastropod pearls, this time more orange in hue, are (again very rarely) found in the horse conch Pleuroploca gigantea.
The largest pearl known was found in the Philippines in 1934 and is known as the Pearl of Lao Tzu. It is a naturally-occurring, non-nacreous, calcareous concretion (pearl) from a giant clam. Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain. Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist, but this is a particularly large one, weighing 14 lb (6.4 kg).
[edit] History of pearl hunting and pearl farming
[edit] Pearl hunting
Main article: Pearl hunting
For thousands of years, most seawater pearls were retrieved by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in areas like the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea[citation needed], and in the Gulf of Mannar.[11] Starting in the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), the Chinese hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the South China Sea.[citation needed] In the 14th-century Arabian Sea, the traveller Ibn Battuta provided the earliest known description of pearl diving by means of attaching a cord to the diver's waist.[12]
When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere, they discovered that around the islands of Cubagua and Margarita, some 200 km north of the Venezuelan coast, was an extensive pearl bed (a bed of pearl oysters). One discovered and named pearl, La Peregrina pearl, was offered to the Spanish queen.[citation needed] According to Garcilasso de la Vega, who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1507, (Garcilasso, "Historie des Incas, Rois du Perou," Amsterdam, 1704, Vol. II, P. 352.) this was found at Panama in 1560 by a slave worker who was rewarded with his liberty, and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama.
Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color. The most famous Margarita necklace that any one can see today is the one that then Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt gave to Jacqueline Kennedy when she and her husband, President John F. Kennedy paid an official visit to Venezuela.[citation needed]
Before the beginning of the 20th century, pearl hunting was the most common way of harvesting pearls. Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls. Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls. In a haul of three tons, only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls.[citation needed]
[edit] Development of pearl farming
Today, the cultured pearls on the market can be divided into two categories. The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls, including Akoya, South Sea and Tahiti. These pearls are gonad grown, and usually one pearl is grown at a time. This limits the number of pearls at a harvest period. The pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya, 2–4 years for Tahitian and South Sea, and 2–7 years for freshwater. This perliculture process was first developed by the British biologist William Saville-Kent who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from Japan. The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls, like the Biwa or Chinese pearls. As they grow in the mantle, where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted, these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely. An impressive improvement in quality has taken place in the last ten years when the former rice grain-shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today. In the last two years large near perfect round bead nucleated pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster.The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater mussel shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth.
The original Japanese cultured pearls, known as akoya pearls, are produced by a species of small pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm in size, hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls.
[edit] Recent pearl production
In 2010, China overtook Japan in akoya pearl production.[13] Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm.[13] Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, however, and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production. These pearls are then processed (often simply matched and sorted), relabeled as product of Japan, and exported.[14]In the past two decades, cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south Pacific and Indian Ocean. The largest pearl oyster is the Pinctada maxima, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster. Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon. South Sea pearls are primarily produced in Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the south sea pearl oyster in 1916, as soon as the technology patent was commercialized. By 1931 this project was showing signs of success, but was upset by the death of Tatsuhei Mise. Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei's death, the project was discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved.
After WWII, new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s in Burma and Kuri Bay and Port Essington in Australia. Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi south sea pre-war projects.
[edit] Freshwater pearl farming
In 1914, pearl farmers began growing cultured freshwater pearls using the pearl mussels native to Lake Biwa. This lake, the largest and most ancient in Japan, lies near the city of Kyoto. The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name Biwa pearls, a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general. Since the time of peak production in 1971, when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls, pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry. Japanese pearl farmers recently[when?] cultured a hybrid pearl mussel – a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China, Hyriopsis cumingi, in Lake Kasumigaura. This industry has also nearly ceased production, due to pollution.Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with freshwater mussels in the region of Shanghai, China. China has since become the world's largest producer of freshwater pearls, producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year (in addition to metric measurements, Japanese units of measurement such as the kan and momme are sometimes encountered in the pearl industry).
Led by pearl pioneer John Latendresse and his wife Chessy, the United States began farming cultured freshwater pearls in the mid 1960s. National Geographic magazine introduced the American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue. The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years, but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased.
[edit] Momme Weight
For many cultured pearl dealers and wholesalers, the preferred weight measure used for loose pearls and pearl strands is momme. Momme is a weight measure used by the Japanese for centuries. Today, momme weight is still the standard unit of measure used by most pearl dealers to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers. One momme corresponds to 1/1000 kan. Reluctant to give up tradition, in 1891, the Japanese government formalized the kan measure as being exactly 1 kan = 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 pounds. Hence, 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams.In the United States, during the 19th and 20th centuries, through trade with Japan in silk cloth the momme became a unit indicating the quality of silk cloth.
Though millimeter size range is typically the first factor in determining a cultured pearl necklace's value, the momme weight of pearl necklace will allow the buyer to quickly determine if the necklace is properly proportioned. This is especially true when comparing the larger south sea and Tahitian pearl necklaces.
[edit] Pearls in jewelry
The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster, color, size, lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration. Among those attributes, luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers.All factors being equal, however, the larger the pearl the more valuable it is. Large, perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued. Teardrop-shaped pearls are often used in pendants.
[edit] Shapes
Queen Barbara Radziwiłł in coronation robes and a wimple embroided with pearls.
Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer, c. 1665.
Woman with a Pearl Necklace, by Jan Vermeer van Delft, 1665.
Portrait of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France wearing a pearl necklace and earrings.
Saint Petersburg, Hermitage Museum
In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, whereas imitation pearls almost have no value. One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gem lab perform an x-ray of the pearl. If the x-ray reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely a bead-nucleated saltwater pearl. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of organic substance, the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater. Cultured freshwater pearls can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl. Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed.
Some imitation pearls are simply made of mother-of-pearl, coral or conch shell, while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called essence d'Orient. Although imitation pearls look the part, they do not have the same weight or smoothness as real pearls, and their luster will also dim greatly.
[edit] Lengths of pearl necklaces
Necklaces can also be classified as uniform, or graduated. In a uniform strand of pearls, all pearls are classified as the same size, but actually fall in a range. A uniform strand of akoya pearls, for example, will measure within 0.5 mm. So a strand will never be 7 mm, but will be 6.5–7 mm. Freshwater pearls, Tahitian pearls, and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform.
A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace. Popularized in the United States during the 1950s by the GIs bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from Japan, a 3.5 momme, 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small.
[edit] Colors of pearl jewelry
Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl. While white, and more recently black, saltwater pearls are by far the most popular, other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans. Pink, blue, champagne, green, black and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered, but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years.[edit] Religious references
[edit] Hindu scriptures
The Hindu tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the Garuda Purana, one of the books of the Hindu mythology. Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder as a stimulant of digestion and to treat mental ailments. According to Marco Polo, the kings of Malabar wore a necklace of 104 rubies and pearls which was given from one generation of kings to the next. The reason was that every king had to say 104 prayers every morning and every evening.[15] At least until the beginning of the 20th century it was a Hindu custom to present a completely new, undrilled pearl and pierce it during the wedding ceremony.[16]The Pearl or Mukta in Sanskrit is also associated with many Hindu deities. The most famous being the Koustubha which Lord Vishnu wears on his chest. Apart from religious connotations, stories and folklore abound of pearls occurring in snakes, the Naaga Mani, and elephants, the Gaja Mukta.
[edit] Hebrew scriptures
According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word Yahalom in the verse Exodus 28:18 means "pearl" and was the stone on the Hoshen representing the tribe of Zebulun. This is generally disputed among scholars, particularly since the word in question in most manuscripts is actually Yasepheh – the word from which jasper derives; scholars think that refers to green jasper (the rarest and most prized form in early times) rather than red jasper (the most common form). Yahalom is usually translated by the Septuagint as an "onyx", but sometimes as "beryl" or as "jasper"; onyx only started being mined after the Septuagint was written, so the Septuagint's term "onyx" probably does not mean onyx – onyx is originally an Assyrian word meaning ring, and so could refer to anything used for making rings. Yahalom is similar to a Hebrew word meaning hit hard, so some people think that it means diamond. The variation in possibilities of meaning for this sixth stone in the Hoshen is reflected in different translations of the Bible – the King James Version translates the sixth stone as diamond, the New International Version translates it as emerald, and the Vulgate translates it as jaspis – meaning jasper. There is a wide range of views among traditional sources about which tribe the stone refers to.[edit] New Testament scriptures
The language of symbolism was in common use around the time of Jesus Christ; most people were familiar with the symbolic meanings. The circle is a symbol of God because it has no beginning and no end. The circle or pearl was considered to represent Love, Knowledge (the combination of equal amounts of Love and Knowledge is a symbol of Wisdom, the 2 circles intertwined (owl eyes) is symbolic of Wisdom. Some other pearls are Truth, and Faith.
The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in Revelation 21:21, that is, the Pearly Gates. "And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every gate was of one pearl: and the streets of the city were pure gold, as if transparent glass."
Holy things are compared to pearls in Matthew 7:6. "Do not give dogs what is holy, and do not throw your pearls before pigs, lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you."
Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people, as in Revelation 18:16. "And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, in purple and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls!"
[edit] Islamic scriptures
The Qur'an often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls:22:23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow: they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.
35:33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter: therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.
The handsome young boys in paradise are similarly depicted:
52:24 Round about them will serve, [devoted] to them, youths [handsome] as pearls well-guarded.
[edit] Other scriptures
The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer Hymn of the Pearl, a poem respected for its high literary quality, and use of layered theological metaphor, found within one of the texts of Gnosticism.The Pearl of Great Price is a book of scripture in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
[edit] See also
- Ammolite – another organic gemstone formed primarily of fossil aragonite mollusk shells
- Broome, Western Australia, a pearling town
- Cave pearl
- Les pêcheurs de perles The Pearl Fishers an opera by Georges Bizet
- Amber
- Precious coral
[edit] References
- ^ a b "Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries". Ftc.gov. 1996-05-30. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0fBTJKdBcC&q=pearl#v=snippet&q=pearl&f=false
- ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2
- ^ Neil H. Landman, et al (2001) Pearls: A Natural History, Harry Abrams, Inc., 232 pp., ISBN 0-8109-4495-2
- ^ "Pearl oyster farming and pearl culture". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 2008-03-20.
- ^ Kenneth Scarratt, The Pearl and the Dragon, Houlton; 1st edition (1999) ISBN 0935681078
- ^ Strack, Elisabeth. "Pearls". Ruhle-Diebener-Verlag, 2006, p. 38.
- ^ Hanni, H A (June 2006). "Keshi Perlen: Ein Erklarungbedurftiger Begriff (Keshi Pearls: a term in need of explanation)". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemologischen Gesellschaft (DGemG) 55 (1–2): 39–50.
- ^ "CIBJO 'Pearl Book'" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ "GIA 'Gems & Gemology' magazine news archive". Gia.edu. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ De Silva, K. M. (1995). Volume 2 of History of Ceylon, History of Ceylon: History of Sri Lanka. Peradeniya: Ceylon University Press. pp. 56. ISBN 9555890048.
- ^ Salim Al-Hassani (2008). "1000 Years of Missing Industrial History". In Emilia Calvo Labarta, Mercè Comes Maymo, Roser Puig Aguilar, Mònica Rius Pinies. A shared legacy: Islamic science East and West. Edicions Universitat Barcelona. pp. 57–82. ISBN 8447532852.
- ^ a b Pearl Guide: comparison Japan – China akoya production
- ^ Fred Ward, (2002) Pearls (Fred Ward Gem Book), 3rd Edition,Gem Guides Book Company, pp. 35–36, ISBN 1-887651-08-X
- ^ Kunz, George F.; Stevenson, Charles (1908). The book of the pearl. New York: The Century Co.. p. 412.
- ^ Kunz, George F.; Stevenson, Charles (1908). The book of the pearl. New York: The Century Co.. p. 350.
[edit] External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pearls |
 | Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Pearl. |
- The History of Pearls. PBS Pearl History Special.
- Recover the major pearl produce country by aquaculture in UAE (Japanese page with English narration)
- The Chinese fresh-water pearl industry Excerpts from Tears of Mermaids: The Secret Story of Pearls by Stephen G. Bloom
- The history of Tahitian pearls in French Polynesia.
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United States Bullion Depository
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coordinates: 
37.882983°N 85.965099°W
The United States Bullion Depository
The U.S. Gold Bullion Depository.The United States Bullion Depository, often known as Fort Knox, is a fortified vault building located adjacent to Fort Knox, Kentucky, used to store a large portion of United States official gold reserves and occasionally other precious items belonging or entrusted to the federal government.
The United States Bullion Depository holds 4,577 metric tons (5046 tons) of gold bullion (147.2 million oz. troy). This is roughly 2.5% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history. Even so, the depository is second in the United States to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's underground vault in Manhattan, which holds 7,000 metric tons (7716 tons) of gold bullion (225.1 million oz. troy), some of it in trust for foreign nations, central banks and official international organizations.
Seal of the U.S. MintIn 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, which outlawed the private ownership of gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates by American citizens, forcing them to sell these to the Federal Reserve. As a result, the value of the gold held by the Federal Reserve increased from $4 billion to $12 billion between 1933 and 1937.[1] This left the federal government with a large gold reserve and no place to store it. In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, on land transferred from the military. The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 for US $560,000, or $8.5 million in 2009 dollars. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road.
The first gold shipments were made from January to July 1937. The majority of the United States' gold reserves were gradually shipped to the site, including old bullion and newly made bars made from melted gold coins. Some intact coins were stored. The transfer used 500 rail cars and was sent by registered mail, protected by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service.
During World War II, the repository held the original U.S. Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution. It held the reserves of European countries and key documents from Western history; for example, it held the Crown of St. Stephen, part of the Hungarian crown jewels, given to American soldiers to prevent them from falling into Soviet hands. The repository held one of four copies (exemplifications) of the Magna Carta, which had been sent for display at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and which, when war broke out, was kept in America for the duration.
During World War II and into the Cold War, until the invention of synthetic painkillers, a supply of processed morphine and opium was kept in the Depository as a hedge against the United States being cut off from the sources of supply of raw opium.[citation needed]
There is an escape tunnel from the lower level of the vault to be used by someone accidentally locked in.[4]
Since the opening of the depository, the Federal government has disclosed very little information about the security systems and technologies used. What is generally known about the security systems at the Gold Depository mostly dates from the late 1930s. For example, the small turret-like structures at the corners of the building are firing positions for guards with Thompson submachine guns, the standard longarm of the Mint Police when the Depository was built. It is rumored that everything from minefields, to ground-sweeping radars, to body capacitance wires, to automated machine guns triggered by interrupting laser beams are emplaced to guard the building and its approaches. It is rumored that, like the French national bank in Paris, the vaults can be filled with water. The Federal government will neither confirm nor deny the rumors. Employees are sworn to secrecy and cannot divulge information about the vault's security.
For security reasons, no visitors are allowed inside the depository grounds. This policy has been enforced ever since the vault opened and the only exception was an inspection by members of the United States Congress and the news media on September 23, 1974 led by then Director of the United States Mint Mary Brooks.[4]
Not all the gold bars held in the depository are of exactly the same composition. The mint gold bars are nearly pure gold. Bars made from melted gold coins, however, called "coin bars", are the same composition as the original coins, which is only 90% gold. Unlike many .999 fine gold bullion coins minted in modern times for holding-purposes today, the coin alloy for pre-1933 U.S. coins, which were intended for circulation, was a much tougher and wear-resistant .900 fine alloy (balance copper) used for all U.S. gold coins since 1837. (See crown gold for further gold coin alloy history).
All of the gold in the depository, if pure, could form a cube 20.3 feet (6.19 m) on a side—a volume of 237 m³. In comparison, all the gold ever refined in history (an estimated 165,000 tonnes) is about 40 times greater, so the facility alone holds about 2.5% of all gold ever refined.[6]
The United States holds more gold bullion than any other country, with about 2.39 times that of the next leading country, Germany.
The Meade County Bank in Muldraugh, KY resembles the bullion depository's exterior design.
Media related to United States Bullion Depository at Wikimedia Commons
37.882983°N 85.965099°W
The United States Bullion Depository holds 4,577 metric tons (5046 tons) of gold bullion (147.2 million oz. troy). This is roughly 2.5% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history. Even so, the depository is second in the United States to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's underground vault in Manhattan, which holds 7,000 metric tons (7716 tons) of gold bullion (225.1 million oz. troy), some of it in trust for foreign nations, central banks and official international organizations.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] History
The first gold shipments were made from January to July 1937. The majority of the United States' gold reserves were gradually shipped to the site, including old bullion and newly made bars made from melted gold coins. Some intact coins were stored. The transfer used 500 rail cars and was sent by registered mail, protected by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service.
During World War II, the repository held the original U.S. Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution. It held the reserves of European countries and key documents from Western history; for example, it held the Crown of St. Stephen, part of the Hungarian crown jewels, given to American soldiers to prevent them from falling into Soviet hands. The repository held one of four copies (exemplifications) of the Magna Carta, which had been sent for display at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and which, when war broke out, was kept in America for the duration.
During World War II and into the Cold War, until the invention of synthetic painkillers, a supply of processed morphine and opium was kept in the Depository as a hedge against the United States being cut off from the sources of supply of raw opium.[citation needed]
[edit] Construction and security
Below the fortress-like structure lies the gold vault lined with granite walls and protected by a blast-proof door weighing 22 tons. No single person is entrusted with the entire combination to the vault. Several members of the Depository staff must dial separate combinations known only to them. Beyond the main vault door, smaller compartments provide further protection.[2] According to a Mosler Safe Company brochure:"The most famous, if not the largest, vault door order came from the Federal government in 1935 for the newly-constructed gold depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Both the vault door and emergency door were 21-inches thick and made of the latest torch- and drill-resistant material. The main vault door weighed 20 tons and the vault casing was 25-inches thick." [3]The facility is ringed with fences and is guarded by the United States Mint Police. The Depository premises are within the site of Fort Knox, a United States Army post, allowing the Army to provide additional protection. The Depository is protected by layers of physical security, alarms, video cameras, armed guards, and the Army units based at Fort Knox, including Apache helicopter gunships of 8/229 Aviation based at Godman Army Airfield, the 16th Cavalry Regiment, the 19th Engineer Battalion, formerly training battalions of the United States Army Armor School, and the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Infantry Division, totaling 30,000 soldiers, with associated tanks, armored personnel carriers, attack helicopters, and artillery.
There is an escape tunnel from the lower level of the vault to be used by someone accidentally locked in.[4]
Since the opening of the depository, the Federal government has disclosed very little information about the security systems and technologies used. What is generally known about the security systems at the Gold Depository mostly dates from the late 1930s. For example, the small turret-like structures at the corners of the building are firing positions for guards with Thompson submachine guns, the standard longarm of the Mint Police when the Depository was built. It is rumored that everything from minefields, to ground-sweeping radars, to body capacitance wires, to automated machine guns triggered by interrupting laser beams are emplaced to guard the building and its approaches. It is rumored that, like the French national bank in Paris, the vaults can be filled with water. The Federal government will neither confirm nor deny the rumors. Employees are sworn to secrecy and cannot divulge information about the vault's security.
For security reasons, no visitors are allowed inside the depository grounds. This policy has been enforced ever since the vault opened and the only exception was an inspection by members of the United States Congress and the news media on September 23, 1974 led by then Director of the United States Mint Mary Brooks.[4]
[edit] Gold and coin holdings
Gold holdings peaked during World War II at 20,205 metric tons (649.6 million oz. troy). Today, holdings are 4,578 metric tons (147.2 million oz. troy ) in 368,000 standard, 400 oz. troy (12.4 kg or 27.4 lb avoirdupois) gold bars. At August 22, 2011 rates of $1890.04 an ounce [5] it is worth $278.3 billion, while the World War II total of 649.6 million oz. troy would be worth $909 billion. The depository also holds monetary gold coins. The 1933 Double Eagle was also a temporary resident after transfer from 7 World Trade Center in July 2001, until its sale in July 2002 for $7.59 million. Sometime in 2004, 10 additional allegedly stolen 1933 Double Eagles were transported to Fort Knox for safekeeping.Not all the gold bars held in the depository are of exactly the same composition. The mint gold bars are nearly pure gold. Bars made from melted gold coins, however, called "coin bars", are the same composition as the original coins, which is only 90% gold. Unlike many .999 fine gold bullion coins minted in modern times for holding-purposes today, the coin alloy for pre-1933 U.S. coins, which were intended for circulation, was a much tougher and wear-resistant .900 fine alloy (balance copper) used for all U.S. gold coins since 1837. (See crown gold for further gold coin alloy history).
All of the gold in the depository, if pure, could form a cube 20.3 feet (6.19 m) on a side—a volume of 237 m³. In comparison, all the gold ever refined in history (an estimated 165,000 tonnes) is about 40 times greater, so the facility alone holds about 2.5% of all gold ever refined.[6]
The United States holds more gold bullion than any other country, with about 2.39 times that of the next leading country, Germany.
[edit] Popular culture
The bullion depository has become a symbol of an impregnable vault, leading to phrases such as "locked up tighter than Fort Knox" or "safer than Fort Knox". Many businesses in the surrounding areas are references to the bullion depository.
[edit] Cinema
- The 1937 RKO Lee Tracy film Behind the Headlines climaxes in a plan to steal gold bars en route from Washington, D.C. to Fort Knox.
- The 1951 Bud Abbott & Lou Costello film Comin' Round the Mountain has the two using a treasure map to find a stash of gold. When they finally reach the gold at the end of the film, they find themselves in the middle of Fort Knox and are immediately arrested.
- The 1951 Warner Bros. short 14 Carrot Rabbit featuring Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam follows a similar routine, with Sam being led away by guards at the end. Bugs is also under suspicion, but slips away on a large boat.
- The popular 1959 Ian Fleming-written James Bond novel Goldfinger, and the 1964 movie of the same name, are about a criminal plot called "Operation Grand Slam" to break into the U.S. Bullion Depository. In the book, Auric Goldfinger's plan is to steal the gold. In the movie, the audience is initially led to believe Goldfinger is going to steal the gold, but the real plot is to render the gold contained in the Depository radioactive and useless with a nuclear device, crippling the economy and driving up the price of the gold Goldfinger already has. The movie was set before the U.S. dollar ceased to be backed by gold in 1971.[7]
- The facility is referenced in the 1995 film Die Hard with a Vengeance as "for tourists" compared to the target of the film—the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which they claim holds "ten times what's in Kentucky".
- In the 2000 film Battlefield Earth, a group of humans, enslaved by an alien race called the Psychlos, trick them into thinking they're "mining" for gold by breaking into the Bullion Depository and delivering them the gold that's stored there.
[edit] Television
- In Season 3, Episode 13 ("The Two Bartlets") of the American television show The West Wing, a meeting takes place between a senior white house staff member and a UFO conspiracy theorist. The meeting was called in order to secure an audit of the Bullion Depository, as the theorist alleged that it was being used to store wreckage of an alien spacecraft rather than gold.
- In the Star Trek: Voyager season 5 episode "Dark Frontier", Captain Kathryn Janeway hatches a plan to steal a transwarp coil from a Borg ship, calling it Operation Fort Knox. The episode explains the depository's history, and that in the 22nd century, the Fort Knox facility was converted into a museum when a new world economy took shape.
- In Season 1, Episode 1 ("Wanted: The Super Friends") of the American Cartoon show Challenge of the Super Friends, Superman falls under hypnosis by the Legion of Doom's Dream Machine and unknowing breaks in and robs the Depository. He later claims he dreamed of the robbery until his friends reveal that the robbery actually happened.
- In an early episode of Pinky and the Brain (then part of the animated television series Animaniacs) titled "Opportunity Knox", Pinky and the Brain attempt to take over the world by breaking into Fort Knox and seizing its gold reserves. They manage to get into the vault by subduing the guards with a strong allergenic pollen. However, their plan is ultimately foiled when they attempt to lift a single gold bar and get crushed under its weight.
[edit] Video Games
- Borderlands features a villain named General Knoxx, whose job is to keep the protagonist from entering a secret armory named fort Knoxx, with an extremely large cache of weapons located inside.
[edit] See also
- Federal Reserve System
- Federal Reserve Bank of New York
- List of attractions and events in Louisville, Kentucky
- Gold reserve
- Nixon Shock—U.S. President Richard Nixon took the United States off the gold standard, stopping the direct convertibility of United States dollars to gold.
[edit] References
- ^ Ahamed, Liaquat (2009). Lords of Finance: The Bankers who Broke the World. London: Penguin Books. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-59420-182-0.
- ^ streas.gov/education/fact-sheets/currency/fort-knox.html U.S. Treasury - Fact Sheet on the Fort Knox Bullion Depository
- ^ A History of Mosler. Mosler, Inc., Form 9983-5M-1099. 1999.
- ^ a b "Gold all there when Ft. Knox opened doors". Numismatic News. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ "Historical Gold Charts and Data - London Fix". Retrieved august 22, 2011.
- ^ World Gold Council -FAQs
- ^ Goldfinger (1964) at the Internet Movie Database
[edit] External links
Media related to United States Bullion Depository at Wikimedia Commons
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